Author :
Abstract
Sanayi Devrimi, bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmelerin yanı sıra zamanın ekonomik ve sosyal değişimlerinin de etkisiyle ilk kez İngiltere’de ortaya çıktı. Kısa zamanda el zanaatlarının yerini fabrikalar aldı. Üretim teknolojisindeki gelişme, seri üretim, ucuz mallar, ticarette büyüme ve daha fazla kârı beraberinde getirdi. Nitekim bu durum, 1800’lerde İngiltere’nin daha zengin bir ülke haline gelmesini sağladı. Ancak Sanayi Devrimi, çalışma şartlarını daha iyi hale getirmediği gibi çalışanların yaşam standardının yükselmesini de sağlamadı. İşçiler, devrimin bu ilk döneminde sağlıksız ve çoğunlukla tehlikeli fabrikalarda uzun saatler boyunca çalışmak zorunda kaldı. Buna karşılık aldıkları ücretler son derece yetersiz oldu. Üstelik hızla çoğalan fabrikalar, sanayi öncesinin vasıflı işçilerini geçim kaynaklarından mahrum bıraktı. Bir el dokumacısının bir makine ile rekabet etmesi mümkün değildi. Binlerce el dokuma ustası, makineler yüzünden ücretlerinin düştüğüne ya da işlerini tamamen kaybettiklerine şahitlik etti. Nitekim kendilerine “Luddist” ismini veren çoğunlukla dokuma işçilerinden oluşan yetenekli İngiliz emekçileri, hızla değişen koşullara makineleri yok ederek tepki verdi. 1811 yılında başlayan Luddist başkaldırı, kısa bir süre içerisinde Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lancashire, Cheshire ve Yorkshire gibi yerleşim yerlerine yayıldı ve neredeyse İngiltere’nin tüm merkezi üretim bölgelerini kapladı. Yeni düzeni tehlikeye atan bu isyan hareketi, Hükümet ile iş dünyasının liderlerini ciddi şekilde korkuttu. Sonunda Hükümet, isyanı kontrol altına almak için askerî tedbirlere başvurmak zorunda kaldı.
Keywords
Abstract
The Industrial Revolution first appeared in England with the impact of scientific and technological developments as well as economic and social changes of the time. In a short period of time, factories replaced the handicraft methods. The development of production technology has brought mass production, cheap goods, growth in trade and more profits. As a matter of fact, this situation enabled England to become a richer country in the 1800s. However, the Industrial Revolution did not make working conditions better, nor did the standard of living of employees rise. Workers had to work long hours in unhealthy and mostly dangerous factories during this first period of the revolution. However, the fees they received were extremely insufficient. Moreover, the rapidly proliferating factories deprived the pre-industrial skilled workers of their livelihoods. It was impossible for a hand weaver to compete with a machine. Thousands of hand-woven craftsmen witnessed that their wages fell or lost their jobs completely. As a matter of fact, talented British laborers, mostly weaving workers, who called themselves “Luddites”, reacted to rapidly changing conditions by destroying machines. The Luddist uprising, which began in 1811, soon spread to settlements such as Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lancashire, Cheshire and Yorkshire, and occupied almost all of England's central production sites. This rebellion, which jeopardized the new order, seriously frightened the Government and business leaders. Eventually, the Government had to resort to military measures to control the rebellion.
Keywords
- B. United Kingdom Parliament Documents (Hansard) 75Kalabalıkların eylemleri, belki çoğu zaman barışçıl olabilir; ancak ayaklanmalar doğası gereği böyle değildir (Fruchtman, 2015: 1). Commons: Deb 06 February 1812 vol 21 cc671-2; Deb 14 February 1812 vol 21 cc807-24; Deb 17 February
- III- Tetkik Eserler Allen, Robert C. (2017). The Industrial Revolution: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University
- Barczewski, Stephanie; Eglin, John; Heathorn, Stephen; Silvestri, Michael; Tusan, Michelle (2015). Britain
- Since 1688: A Nation in the World. London and New York: Routledge. Binfield, Kevin (Ed). (2015). Writings of the Luddites. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Buer, Mabel Craven (1968). Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution.
- Clery, E. J. (2017). Eighteen Hundred and Eleven, Poetry, Protest and Economic Crisis. Cambridge, New
- York, Melbourne, Delhi, Singapore: Cambridge University Press. Coleman, D. C. (1992). Myth, History and the Industrial Revolution, London and Rio Grande: The
- Evans, Eric J. (2013). The Shaping of Modern Britain: Identity, Industry and Empire 1780-1914. New York:
- Longmans, Green, and Co. Fox, Nicols (2013) Against the Machine: The Hidden Luddite Tradition in Literature, Art, and Individual Lives.
- Washington, Covelo, London: Island Press / Shearwater Books. Fruchtman, Jack (2015). “The Arc of Violence: Riots, Disturbances of the Peace, Public Protests and
- World (Edited by Michael T. Davis). Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Gray, Leon (2014). Horrible Jobs of the Industrial Revolution. New York: Gareth Stevens Publishing. Grint, Keith; Woolgar, Steve (1997). The Machine at Work: Technology, Work and Organization. Cambridge:
- and Co. Hills, Richard Leslie (1970). Power in the Industrial Revolution. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1999). Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day (Revised and Updated With
- Chris Wrigley). New York: The New Press. Housel, Debra J. (2008). Industrial Revolution. California: Teacher Created Materials. Hudson, Pat (2014). The Industrial Revolution. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Humphries, Jane (2010). Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution. Cambridge:
- Cambridge University Press. Johns, Cort MacLean (2019). The Lost Industrial Revolution, USA: Lulu Publishing. Jones, Steven E. (2006). Against Technology: From the Luddites to Neo-Luddism. New York and Oxon: King, Steven; Timmins, Geoffrey, (2001). Making Sense of the Industrial Revolution: English Economy and
- Marjorie Vernon). London: Jonathan Cape. Marsh, Carole (2005). Industrial Revolution from Muscles to Machines: 1750-1900. Gallopade International. McNeese, Tim (2000). History of Civilization: The Industrial Revolution. St. Louis Missouri: Milliken
- Publishing Company. Mitch, David (2002). “The Industrial Revolution, c. 1750 - c. 1850”. Events that Changed Great Britain Since
- Press, s. 6-18. Moffit, Louis W. (1963). England on the Eve of the Industrial Revolution. Oxon: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. Mokyr, Joel (2011). “The Industrial Revolution and the New Economics History”. The Economics of the
- Industrial Revolution (Edited by Joel Mokyr). USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., s. 1-52. More, Charles (2000). Understanding the Industrial Revolution. London and New York: Routledge. Morgan, Kenneth (2013). The Birth of Industrial Britain 1750-1850, London and New York: Routledge. Musson, Albert Edward; Robinson, Eric (1989). Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution.
- London: Gordon and Breach. North, Douglass Cecil (1981). Structure and Change in Economic History. Norton. O’Brian, Patrick K. (2010). “Deconstructing the British Industrial Revolution as a Conjuncture and
- Orhan, Serdar ve Savuk, Fatih (Mayıs-Ağustos 2014). “Emek-Teknoloji-İşsizlik İlişkisi” ÇSGB Çalışma
- Dünyası Dergisi, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 2, s. 9-24. Peel, Frank (1880). The Risings of the Luddites. Heckmondwike: T. W. Senior. Pollard, Sidney (1981). Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760-1970. Oxford: Oxford Prentice, Archibald (1851). Historical Sketches and Personal Recollections of Manchester: Intended to Illustrate
- the Progress of Public Opinion from 1792 to 1832, London: Charles Gilpin. Randall, Adrian (1991). Before the Luddites: Custom, Community and Machinery in the English Woollen
- Industry, 1776-1809. Cambridge, New York, Port Chester, Melbourne, Sydney: Cambridge Randall, Adrian (2006). Riotous Assemblies: Popular Protest in Hanoverian England. New York: Oxford Royle, Edward (2012). Modern Britain: A Social History 1750-2011, Third Edition, London and New York:
- Bloomsbury. Rude, George (2005). The Crowd in History, 1730–1848. London: Serif. Rule, John; Wells, Roger A. E. (1997). Crime, Protest and Popular Politics in Southern England, 1740-1850.
- London and Rio Grande: The Hambledon Press. Sale, Kirkpatrick (1995). Rebels against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution:
- Lessons for the Computer Age. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing. Sioux, Tracee (2004). Immigration, Migration, and the Industrial Revolution. New York: The Rosen
- Publishing Group. Smellie, K. B. (1962). Great Britain since 1688: A Modern History. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Smith, Nigel (2009). Events and Outcomes Industrial Revolution. London: Evans Brothers. Snooks, Graeme Donald (2012). “New Perspectives on the Industrial Revolution”. Was the Industrial
- 26. Steedman, Carolyn (2013). An Everyday Life of the English Working Class: Work, Self and Sociability in the
- Early Nineteenth Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Stevenson, John (2013). Popular Disturbances in England 1700-1832 (Second Edition). London and New
- and Its Neighbourhood: 1750-1850, London: Simpkin & Marshall. Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (Ed). (2002). Events that Changed Great Britain Since 1689.
- Westport-Connecticut, London: Greenwood Press. Thompson, E. P. (1964). The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Pantheon Books - A Division
- Fragments, together with a Short Memoir by B. Jowett. London: Rivingtons. Wroble, Lisa A. (1999). Kids During the Industrial Revolution, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. .
