GÜNEYDOĞU TÜRKİYE’DE ARKEOLOJİ VE BARAJLAR: MEVCUT BELGELEMEYİ İYİLEŞTİRMEK İÇİN SU TUTMA SONRASI HASAR DEĞERLENDİRME UYGULANMASI VE KÜLTÜREL MİRASI KORUMA STRATEJİLERİ
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Abstract
Barajların inşaası ve kültürel miras üzerindeki etkileri, iklim değişikliği ve dar odaklı kalkınma politikaları zamanla giderek büyüyen bir sorundur. Biz burada Türkiye’nin güneydoğusundaki Orta Fırat Vadisi’nde üç büyük barajın (Atatürk, Birecik ve Karkamış) temsil ettiği örnek bir olayı analiz ediyoruz. Barajların arkeolojik alanlar üzerindeki etkisini ölçmek için “Su Tutma Sonrası Hasar Değerlendirmesi” (SSHD/PFDA) uyguladık. SSHD’miz, Landsat uydusu görüntülerinin çoklu-geçici modelinin çapraz korelasyonunu kullanarak coğrafi olarak mekânsal konumlarının belirlenmesi ve survey ile kazılardan elde edilen arkeolojik verilerin analizinden oluşur: Özellikle önemli kültürel peyzajın kaybına ilişkin eşi görülmemiş ayrıntılı bir gözden geçirme sağlar ve aynı zamanda su tutma öncesi arkeolojik araştırmaların ve kazıların sınırlı doğruluğunu vurgular. Son olarak, yitip giden ve barajlar tarafından tehdit edilen kültürel peyzajları hedefleyen arkeolojik kurtarma projelerinin gelecekteki tasarımlarını geliştirmek için etkili bir yöntem, kritik bir araç ve daha iyi belgelenmiş bir kültürel miras arşivine hızlı ulaşılabilme önerileri sunuyoruz. Özellikle, mevcut mirasın kültürel mirasın tanımlanması, belgelenmesi ve korunmasıyla ilgili yönergeler sağlayan özel çalışma protokolleri ve mevcut mevzuatların güçlendirilmesi ihtiyacının olduğunu görüyoruz. Bu protokoller devlet tarafından desteklenmeli ve Dünya Bankası, Uluslararası Para Fonu, Asya Kalkınma Bankası veya Amerika Kalkınma Bankası gibi barajların inşaasında yer alan organlar tarafından uygulanmalıdır. Tüm çalışmanın kalitesini izlemek için Türk hükümeti, teklif aşamasından son protokolün tamamlanmasına kadar çeşitli projeleri izlemek amacıyla miras alanında uluslararası uzmanlardan oluşan bir komisyon oluşturmalıdır.
Keywords
Abstract
The construction of dams and their impact on cultural heritage are an ever-expanding problem, the more so in times of climate change and narrowly focused development policies. We analyze here a case study represented by three major reservoirs in the Middle Euphrates valley in southeastern Turkey (Atatürk, Birecik and Karkamış). We applied Post-Flooding Damage Assessment (SSHD/PFDA) to evaluate the impact of dams on archaeological sites. Our PFDA consists of the analysis of cross-correlation of multi-temporal Landsat imagery, geographical spatial datasets and archaeological data from surveys and excavations: it provides an unprecedented, detailed overview of the loss of especially significant cultural landscapes, and also highlights the limited accuracy of pre-flooding archaeological surveys and excavations. Finally, we suggest an efficient methodology, a critical tool and recommendations for improving future designs of rescue archaeological projects targeting endangered cultural landscapes, with an immediately achievable target of a better-documented cultural heritage threatened by dams. In particular, we see a need to strengthen the existing legislation with specific working protocols providing guidelines on the identification, documentation and safeguard of the cultural heritage. These protocols must be supported by the state, which in turn must require their implementation by the bodies involved in the construction of the dams, such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank or the Inter-American Development Bank. In order to monitor the quality of whole work, the Turkish government should create a commission of international experts in the field of heritage with the purpose of monitoring the various projects from the proposal phase to completion of the last protocol.
Keywords
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