The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, Year 2021 Issue Year: 14 - Number: 85

ANALYSIS OF PRESCHOOL TEACHERS AND PRESERVICE TEACHER PERCEPTIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF “CHILD” THROUGH METAPHORS

Esra LÜLE MERT — 2024-10-28

Preschool education is an important process that will affect the future life of the child. Scientific researches and applications in the field of contemporary education; has revealed that it is necessary to start education at a very young age in order to raise the generations with qualified, healthy and desired behaviors. Along with the increasing importance of child education, it was realized that a qualified education should be given at home. Preschool teachers are the most important element of this process. In order for the teaching-learning process to be effective, a very special relationship must be established between the teacher and the student. Preservice teacher is a student of higher education institution that continues the teaching undergraduate program within the universities, performs teaching practice in its field, and has the qualifications to fulfill the teaching profession in its field when it completes its education and training. Metaphor is the indirect expression of a concept, situation or object, not directly with itself, using another concept or object. The problem sentence of the research was determined as "What are the perceptions of pre-school teachers and preservice teachers towards the concept of" child "? The phenomenon science (phenomenology) pattern was used in this qualitative study. In the evaluation of the data, content analysis technique is included. The participants of the research consist of 60 preschool teachers working in Malatya in the 2019-2020 academic year and 60 preservice teachers (15 + 15 + 15 + 15) studying at İnönü University. A total of 120 people were employed. As a result of this research, the metaphors determined by preschool teachers and prospective teachers for the concept of “child” were collected in 9 terms. While teachers used the most "object" (f26) metaphor to the concept of "child", preservice teachers used the metaphor of "live" (f18).

EXAMINATION OF THE 6th GRADE TEXTBOOK IN TERMS OF VALUES EDUCATION

Ayşegül TURALGülsün ŞAHAN , Burcu DUMAN , Onur YILMAZ — 2024-10-28

Nowadays educational environments are shaped as individual-centered and it is desired to spread the concept of teaching with different method and techniques to a process. In line with the scientific and technological advances that have gained speed in recent years, the learning-teaching processes are also gaining a different identity. An individual-centered, active and dynamic process is emphasized, especially in today's educational environments. As a result of this basic emphasis, the role of the teacher and the effectiveness of the tools, equipment and materials in education processes are also discussed. When it comes to the most basic tools in learning environments, undoubtedly, textbooks that are compatible with the curriculum reflecting the general education policy and philosophy of the country are among the first things that come to mind. In today's understanding of education, where innovation, development and quality in education are emphasized, new elements have emerged that will enable individuals to be active in all lessons and support the development of individuals, especially the social studies course, which has an interdisciplinary approach structurally. Thus, the concepts of "value" and "values education" have gained importance in this respect. In this study, it is aimed to examine the textbook in terms of values education by focusing on the texts in the Social Studies 6th grade textbook. For this purpose, the 6th grade social studies textbook was examined and it was seen that the values included in the textbook were frequently emphasized 181 times. Among the values, responsibility, peace and family unity are emphasized; It is understood that the least saving value is found.

CONTRIBUTION OF A PAINTING ARTIST TO TURKISH EDUCATION HISTORY NAZMI ZIYA GÜRAN AND HIS ASSIGNMENT FOR SUPPLYING TEACHING MATERIAL

Meltem Begüm SAATÇI ATA — 2024-10-28

Nazmi Ziya Güran (1881-September 11, 1937) is an artist who is one of the pioneers of the Impressionist movement in art in Turkey during the last years of the Ottoman Empire and the foundation days of the Republic of Turkey. He worked in the State service with painting art studies. Besides having an important place with his artistic works in the Turkish history he assumed important duties in matters concerning the Turkish education history. He worked at different levels of education system, as a teacher, director and inspector. Apart from this he also did works in which he carried out the art of painting and administration duties together. The subject of this article is one of these works which is about supply of course materials. Nazmi Ziya was assigned to supply course materials from Germany on behalf of the Ottoman Ministry of Education for 11 months between 1915 and 1916 that was during the First World War. The purpose of this study is to put forth the reasons of the assignment of Nazmi Ziya by the Ottoman Ministry of Education for the supply of teaching materials such as historical tables, geography plates to be used in the schools and to explain in detail his practices, preferences and their reasons in the process of his assignment in Germany. The main guiding sources of this study are the Ottoman archival documents and the articles written by Nazmi Ziya himself. These documents and articles also the other research papers are evaluated in accordance with the method of historical research. And it is understood that in this assignment Nazmi Ziya acted as an artist, educator and bureaucrat and he dealt with the subject of supplying these teaching material with the terms of art, education as well as its economic dimension. He fulfilled his task with the benefit of society and state in accordance with the national understanding of art. The results of his mission were evaluated by the Ottoman Ministry of Education and these teaching materials were used in the schools immediately.

INVESTIGATION OF LIFE SATISFACTION OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ACCORDING TO SOCIOTROPIC-AUTONOMIC PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND CERTAIN VARIABLES

Arzu BUYRUK GENÇ — 2024-10-28

Sociotropic personality trait is a personality trait characterized by an emphasis on sincerity, sharing, empathy, understanding, acceptance, commitment, protection, guidance and helping in interpersonal interactions. Sociotropic personality traits are considered in three dimensions, which are concern about disapproval, concern over separation, and pleasing others. Autonomic personality trait is a personality trait characterized by the individual's happiness of directing her own activities, reaching her/his goals, controlling what is happening around her/his and being successful. Autonomous personality characteristics involve three dimensions, which are individual achievement, freedom from control, and preference for solitude. The study examines whether life satisfaction in university students is significantly predicted by gender; perceived socioeconomic level; concern about disapproval, concern over separation, and pleasing others as subfactors of sociotropy; and individual achievement, freedom from control, and preference for solitude as subfactors of autonomy. The study group consists of a total of 310 university students who are studying in two different public universities, were selected using the random sampling method, and voluntarily participated in the research. The “Satisfaction with Life Scale”, the “Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale”, and a “Personal Information Form” were employed to obtain the study data. Multilinear Regression Analysis was used for data analysis. The study found that life satisfaction levels of university students is significantly predicted by gender, perceived socioeconomic level; concern about disapproval, concern over separation, and pleasing others as subfactors of sociotropy. On the other hand, it was also found that individual achievement, freedom from control, and preference for solitude as subfactors of autonomy do not significantly predict life satisfaction levels of university students.

THE EFFECT OF VALUE EDUCATION APPLIED IN SOCIAL STUDIES COURSE ON STUDENTS' GAINING THE VALUE OF HONESTY

Tuğrul KÜLÜNKOĞLU — 2024-10-28

Degeneration of values has emerged as a problem in recent years as an effect of globalization in the world. Educators also considered doing research on this problem as a vital necessity. While the value of honesty is considered as one of the most important values in many researches conducted in the field of the hierarchy of values, it is interesting that there are no studies aiming at bringing in the value of honesty to students. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of value education to be applied in 5th grade Social Studies course on students' gaining the value of "honesty" at a cognitive level. The research had the pretest-posttest trial model with control group and qualitative research method was used in the research. The study group of the research consisted of two 5th grade classes of a secondary school, affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Çınarlar District of Giresun province central district in the 2016-2017 academic year. One of these branches was selected as experiment and the other as control group by examining the equivalence of groups. 19 people form the experimental group and 23 people the control group. To obtain data before and after the application, the cognitive level scale developed by the researcher was applied as pretest and posttest. In the experimental group, the program integrated into the social studies course for 8 weeks and prepared according to the value education approaches was used. The pretest and posttest results between the control and experimental groups were analyzed comparatively. The cognitive scale used to obtain data was analyzed by content analysis technique, one of the qualitative research techniques. The information obtained was supported by frequencies and percentages. As a result of the research, the students' level of gaining the value of honesty was found to be significantly higher in the experimental group in which the values education program was applied compared to the students in the control group. According to this result, value education practices applied in schools make changes in students' behaviors in the desired direction.

A DISCUSSION ON CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF DISCIPLINARY AND BIOPOLITICAL POWER

Yunus Emre ÖMÜR — 2024-10-28

The discourses that shape the debate on education today emerge in the mediation of dominant power relations. Hence, conducting any discussion of education necessitates discussing education in the context of power relations and placing it on a political basis. Because knowing the types of thinking that support institutions is as important as knowing the institutions themselves. This approach will contribute to overcoming the intellectual barriers created by treating education and training as if it were just a natural reality of the state or government. In other words, it is necessary to examine in which power relations the dominant discourses of today's education emerge. In this study, the issue of education is discussed in the context of disciplinary and supervisory power relations and how education is articulated with the process of subjectivity fabrication as a human capital investment in the neoliberal age. This discussion, which is carried out on the basis of Michel Foucault's concept of power, handles the supervisory and disciplinary modes of power in relation to education. In line with this purpose, first of all, what disciplinary power is discussed, and it is tried to reveal the qualities of schools as a disciplinary institution. Afterward, by mentioning the differences between biopolitical power, which is the supervisory mode of power, and disciplinary power, it is discussed how education is articulated to the fabrication of subjectivity as a neoliberal discourse of human capital. Consequently, compulsory education plays an active role in the production of the neoliberal subject as an institution at the intersection of both disciplinary power and supervisory power.

TEACHERS' VIEWS ON THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA TOOLS IN MANAGERIAL COMMUNICATION

Nihat ÇETİNTÜRKAydın BALYER — 2024-10-28

Social media tools have been used intensively by the stakeholders in schools in line with the development in communication technologies in the information age. At this point, school principals started to communicate with teachers through different communication channels such as social media tools. In this context, the purpose of this study is to determine teachers' views on the use of social media tools in managerial communication of school administrators. The phenomenology design, one of the qualitative research designs, was used in the study.The maximum diversity sampling, one of the purposeful sampling types, was used as the sampling type. The working group of the research consists of 12 teachers working in Çekmeköy district of Istanbul province.Semi-structured interview form was used to collect the data. Collected data were analyzed by the content analysis method. According to the findings obtained in the study, it was determined that the use of social media tools by school administrators has positive results in managerial communication due to the benefits they provide, but it has also been found to cause some communication problems. It has been determined that the use of social media tools in managerial communication outside of school hours is considered normal according to some of the teachers and disturbing according to some teachers. It was not found reliable due to reasons such as the use of social media tools in administrative communication, the teachers' use of data for other purposes, and the possibility of data going abroad. In addition, it has been determined that social media tools increase addiction, which can lead to disruption of communication and various psychological disorders.

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE MEASUREMENT INVARIANCE ACCORDING TO OECD COUNTRIES OF TIMSS 2015 EIGHTH GRADE MATH ACHIEVEMENT TEST

Özge ÖNCÜHakan KOĞAR — 2024-10-28

The research, by using Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2015 data, was conducted on the data set of 7,223 students who received the booklet number 11. 8th grade math achievement test scores of the countries, test statistics, normality tests and reliability coefficients were examined. It is concluded that the central tendency and distribution measures are close to each other. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed for each country separately and it was concluded that χ2 / sd ratio was quite good. When the fit indexes were evaluated in general, all countries' measurement models were verified separately for all groups. When we take the results of the equality test of covariance matrices for mathematics achievement test scores of The Organısatıon For Economıc Co-Operatıon and Development (OECD) member countries, the fit indices are quite good. Measurement invariance was tested by multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, the values of the fit indices for structural invariance were acceptable and the model was confirmed. The results of the study showed that the measurement invariance could not be achieved for OECD member countries and that the best working model among the measurement invariance models was the strong factorial invariance model. When all the results are evaluated, it is seen that the results of mathematics achievement in TIMSS 2015 are comparable to the results obtained from participants from different countries, languages, genders and cultures and the measurement invariance related to these results cannot be achieved. TIMSS 2015 is open to discussion as the measurement tool does not have the same meaning for all participants. This research draws attention to the fact that measurement invariance cannot be achieved when evaluating the results of large-scale examination applications, and that this situation is taken into consideration carefully when making comparisons and interpretations between countries.

THE MEMORY OF THE PLACE IN MAHMOUD SHUKAIR’S AL-QUDS WAHDEHÂ HUNÂK

Fatıma Betül ÜYÜMEZ — 2024-10-28

Mahmoud Shukair, who is one of the most significant alive names of Palestinian literature, was born in Jabal al-Mukaber, now a district in Jerusalem, in 1941. Shukair, who was deported by Israel in 1975, returned to Jerusalem as a result of Oslo I Accord signed in 1993 after having lived away from his homeland for eighteen years. Shukair whose writing career started with short stories, deals with the problems of people living in Palestinian countryside before the Israeli occupation in 1967, poverty, ignorance, the conflict between bourgeois people in cities and villagers in his first stories written in a realistic and classical style. He also begins to tell the problems and struggle of his people under the occupation after 1967. Drifting away classical narration methods, he turns to new genres in time. In addition to short stories and short short stories, he has works in different styles such as novel, autobiography, diary, memory, scenario, drama. He is also one of the most prominent writers of children and youth’s literature in Palestine. Mahmoud Shukair’s al-Quds Wahdehâ Hunâk (Jerusalem Stands Alone) that published in 2020, consists of one hundred and fifty-five sequential short short stories. The fact that the stories are in connection leads some critics to acknowledge the work as a novel. The writer addresses the conditions of the Palestinian living under Israel’s occupation in Jerusalem in a postmodern frame by using techniques like metafiction, intertextuality, irony, and by blending present and history, reality and imagination. This study focuses on historical and contemporary representations of Jerusalem in Shukair’s al-Quds Wahdehâ Hunâk, and aims to analyze the meaning and the significance of Jerusalem for Shukair and for Palestinians.

DESTRUCTION BY COLONIZERS IN CITIES OF SALT AND THE BRIDGE ON THE DRINA

Serap SARIBAŞ — 2024-10-28

Colonialism, initially used for an economic purpose, led many powerful nations to discriminate against indigenous people, forcing them to accept their way of living. These colonialist countries brought their languages, religions, beliefs, traditions, and technologies to the native land, creating upheaval in the lives of the locals as they attempted to recreate their homelands in these new places. During this establishment process, colonizers both affected the land by exploiting it and the natives by interfering with their way of living. Many writers have represented this process of change in the lands and lives of natives in their works either in positive or negative ways. Abdelrahman Munif and Ivo Andrić are among those who characterized the effect of colonizers on changes in the cities of Harran and Višegrad, respectively. Although Andrić does not stress the impact of change in the novel as Munif does, both novelists show the negative aspects of change by the colonizers. The aim of this paper is to show how Abdelrahman Munif in Cities of Salt and Ivo Andrić in The Bridge on the Drina represent the destruction of Harran and Višegrad by the “colonizers”. Abdelrahman Munif is an Arabian writer and writes about more contemporary issues in his novel when compared with Ivo Andrić, who is a Serbian writer focused on the past of his own country. Although they belong to completely different literary canons and refer to different times within their novels, what connects them is their accounts of how the cities are affected by the colonizers.

THE EFFECT OF DART APPLICATIONS IN CIRCULAR KNITTED FABRICS ON STATIC BODY-GARMENT FIT

Banu Hatice GÜRCÜMArzu ARSLAN — 2024-10-28

Regarding ready-made clothing industry, cloth is a product obtained by preparing the selected textile materials by cutting with modified basic patterns according to the model and body characteristics of the user and bringing together by sewing the cut pieces of clothing through optimized workflow. Since the static and dynamic harmony of the clothes with the body is required for wearing comfort, dart-application method is developed for the woven fabric to ensure garment-body fit. Due to the nature of the loop structure, the circular knitted fabrics, which may take the form of the body easily and return to the original form after being removed and laid down for a while, is preferred in various clothing types because of the comfort properties such as softness, handle, stretch, moisture absorption, and warmth. Thus, the aim of this research is to reveal the effect of dart applications, which is regarded as compulsory in garment manufacture from woven fabrics, in circular knitted fabrics on static body-garment fit. To achieve this aim, an experimental pattern of control group post-test was designed. As the control group, a total of three control samples were sewn by applying three types of darts on woven fabric. In the experimental group, a total of twelve garments were obtained by applying three dart types to four types of circular knitted fabrics. After the bust line and center-front line were marked with colored threads on each sample, the experimental-group samples were compared visually with the control-group samples. Findings are discussed and recommendations are presented.

CREATIVE PROCESS IN TEXTILE PATTERN DESIGN: WALLAS' FOUR-STAGE MODEL

Pınar ARSLAN — 2024-10-28

The effect of creativity is an undeniable fact in the design process. The design product that will emerge with the integration of thoughts with creativity becomes equipped with qualifications like being original, different, innovative, suitable for the age, etc. However, excellently managing the creative thinking process is incredibly essential in generating appropriate and valid solutions to the design problem. In the first stage of the designed idea, the concepts or ideas in the mind are abstract. Ideas take shape and take a solid form after going through certain stages. The first of the studies related to this is the creative thinking process is the one which is developed by Wallas consisting of preparation-incubation-illumination-verification stages. This method, which expresses what kind of way individuals follow while transferring their feelings and thought internalized in their minds, at the time same time this allows to identify the design problem, which is the first stage of the design and to determine whether the solutions developed for the problem are suitable. In the study, the 4-stage model developed by Wallas has been used to establish effective and suitable design solutions for complex design problems in textile designs and to pursue the idea creation and implementation stages in the textile pattern design process. Within the scope of the study, this research aims to create a collection of textile patterns based on Wallas' creative thinking method and to more clearly express what are the mental processes during textile pattern designs and to analyze the stages of the process. The experimental research method was used as a method in the research. While the population is composed of Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University Textile Design Department's freshman student, the sample of the research is the textile pattern designs designed by 7 freshman students from Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Department of Textile Design, based on the “Ankaraland” theme, where they describe the Ankara situated in their dreams. In the study, the stages of Wallas' creative thinking method (preparation, incubation, illumination, and validation/verification) were followed. Within the study's framework, students with differing readiness levels used Wallas' creative thinking model to formulate design ideas for the Ankaraland theme, generate design stories and sketches based on the theme, and have developed seven unique and creative pattern designs.

THE STUDY OF PHROPHET NOAH’S STORY IN TERMS OF VALUES EDUCATION

Mehmet BAĞIŞ — 2024-10-28

Value is the abstract measurement which determines the importance of something. Values have an important role in the formation of people's attitudes and behaviours, and shaping or directing these attitudes and behaviours. Values education is generally addressed in stages such as value formation, moral education, character education and citizenship education. From these stages, moral education aims to educate individuals who are free from external influences and freely judge and display good attitudes and behaviours. In moral education, universal principles such as love, respect, patience, thanksgiving, compassion, tolerance, empathy, humility, justice, equality and honesty are tried to be gained. In societies where values education and especially moral education is provided in a healthy way, feelings of belonging to somewhere develop in the individuals of that society as well as order, peace, trust and happiness. In this study both the moral principles that exist both in the personality of prophet Noah and in the matters in his speech to his people will be determined and explained. In the Qur'an, in the various places havin been mentioned in the story, it is explained that Prophet Noah tried to teach his people many moral values. Firstly, Prophet Noah tried to educate and chasten his people according to the religious cult based on monotheism. In addition, in his invitation method, attitudes and values such as justice, equality, patience, compassion, commanding goodness, avoiding evil, love, respect, sincerity, humility, opinion, sacrifice, thanks sometimes threats and curse are seen. Despite all the difficulties he experienced during the long prophecy, Prophet Noah continued his invitation and fulfilled his duty thoroughly to the end.

A CRITICAL APPROACH TO THE TRANSLATIONS OF NEBE 78/33. VERSE

Yahya YAŞAR — 2024-10-28

The science of tafsir tries to determine the meaning of the words as much as possible by analyzing the words of the Quran linguistically. The mufassırs present their comments or analyzes as data for understanding the Quran. People who translate use these data to capture the meaning of the words. However, translation is a more sensitive work that requires careful analysis of all this data. Instead of making literal translation based on meanings of the words, the true meaning behind these words must be captured. In some translations of Nebe 78/33, the word "kevâ‘ib" is translated with expressions such as "Girls with budded breasts", "Young girls with breasts". However, the Quran conveyed such subjects in a unique style. Those who translated the Quran should have reflected this style in their translations as much as possible, but it seems that this was not done. In some other translations, it is translated with general concepts that include male and female gender as "perfectly harmonious wonderful spouses", "equally attractive wives" “Citrus-breasted young dilbers”. However, in the Arabic language, "ka'ib / ku'ub / kevâ‘ib" patterns are only words that describe the female gender. It can be said that both translations are erroneous. In the first, a mistake was made due to using the literal meaning of the word. In the second example the mistake is made by disconnecting the word from its etymological meaning. In this study, the mentioned translations are being analyzed in terms of linguistic, integrity and stylistic features of the Quran. It is being aimed to contribute to the translation studies to be carried out from now on by mentioning the translations which are thought to be correct and accurate.

EXAMINING THE CONCEPTS OF LONELINESS AND RELIGIOSITY IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN TERMS OF SOME DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES (MERSIN EXAMPLE)

İlyas PÜR — 2024-10-28

This study aimed to investigate the concepts of loneliness and religiosity in high school students in terms of some variables. High school age, which is a different stage from other developmental stages that enable the individual to transition from childhood to adulthood, is a period in which the youth perceives the world in a different way than before by questioning himself, life and society. Because while a biological improvement is observed in body organs in high school period; There is a behavioral complexity due to the psychological not knowing how to behave. Loneliness is considered as one of the most important problems of today's society. Loneliness negatively affects the quality of life of high school youth, causing damage to their emotional world. Loneliness, which is thought to differ from person to person, is also thought to pose a great risk on education. As it is known that religion is an important factor in the feelings, thoughts and behaviors of the individual at all stages of human life, it has made it necessary to investigate the relationship between religiosity and many psychological conditions that people experience. Researching the concepts of loneliness and religiosity of high school students is important in terms of providing scientific solutions to this problem and achieving the goals in education in the best way. The research group of this study, which aims to investigate the loneliness levels of high school students in terms of various variables such as gender, age, school type, monthly income level, religious importance perception, subjective religiousness perception, and their level of religiousness, is the research group of the high school students in Mersin. It consists of a total of 431 students, 204 of whom are girls and 227 are boys. UCLA Loneliness Scale, Religious Life Scale and Personal Information Questionnaire were used to collect data. The following results were obtained by analyzing the data obtained: It was observed that gender, age and religion significance variables did not make a statistically significant difference on the loneliness levels of the students, but the variables of school type, monthly income level and subjective religiousness perception did not create a statistically significant difference. In addition, it was determined that gender and age variables do not make a statistically significant difference on the religiousness levels of the students, but the variables of school type and monthly income level make a statistically significant difference.

EVALUATION OF DISTANCE EDUCATION GIVEN IN VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS DURING THE PANDEMIC

Ahmet Serdar GÜLDİBİHüseyin CEYLAN — 2024-10-28

Covid-19 pandemic has begun to affect the people in Turkey in the start of March and affected the public, educational and commercial life in Turkey as well as in the whole world. Because of pandemic, many higher education institutes decided to use distance educational methods. In Turkish educational system, vocational schools and vocational high schools are responsible for the training qualified persons for the industry. According to council of higher education, there are 1019 vocational schools, 907 of which are affiliated to state and 112 to private universities. Totally there are 22.391 lecturers, and 975.435 students are studying in these schools. The quality of the education in these schools is still a debate because of their high importance on commercial and industrial sectors. As a result of precautions against Covid-19 pandemic, vocational schools have also decided to use web based distance education methods. Distance education methods make practical trainings impossible which is crucial for vocational schools. It is a debate topic how the distance education affected the quality of the education in this schools. The aim of this study investigates on the effect of distance education on education quality and the satisfaction of the students. The survey with 28 questions was employed in the study, and it was carried out on 193 students studying at Kırıkkale University through e-mail sampling. In general, the changes in the educational expenditures, satisfaction with distance education, competences of the educational materials and the opinions of the students about the exams were investigated. According to the results, the highest contentment was about the communication of the students with the lecturer. The lowest pleasure was about the practical lessons in distance education.

SHELTER AWARENESS: CASE OF TRABZON PROVINCE

Gülseren GÜNAYDINSaime ŞAHİNÖZ ,Mustafa GÜNAYDIN — 2024-10-28

The aim of this study, which is carried out with personnel working in public institutions in the city center of Trabzon; the awareness of public employees about shelter, disaster and warning signs. Studies in the literature were examined and a data collection tool was developed by the researcher. The data were collected by the researcher using face-to-face survey method. Within the scope of the research, the permission of the science ethics committee dated 30.04.2015 and numbered 2015/1 was obtained from Trabzon Provincial Governorship and Gümüşhane University Scientific Ethics Committee. The numerical data obtained from the data collection form in the evaluation of the research results; By applying frequency, percentage and chi-square tests, they were analyzed statistically with IBM SPSS Statistics 22 program, and the results were evaluated and the result was reached. According to the analysis results of the data; 18.1% of the participants found the shelter knowledge sufficient, 8.9% found the disaster information level sufficient, 11.8% found the warning signs information sufficient, 29.3% knew that there were shelters in their institutions, 3%, It was concluded that 6 of them found the shelter equipment sufficient in their institutions, 19.2% were aware of the signs indicating the shelter location in the institutions, and 42.6% of the shelters in the institutions were used as storage-archives. Within the scope of the research, it was concluded that there was an earthquake with a rate of 56.2% regarding the question of "what comes to mind first when you think of disaster". As a result; it was determined that the participants were insufficient in terms of shelter, disaster and warning signs. It has been observed that most of the shelters are used for purposes other than theirs.

BABADAĞ İLÇESİ’NİN (DENİZLİ/TÜRKİYE) CBS TABANLI HEYELAN DUYARLILIK ANALİZİ

Mehmet Ali ÖZDEMİROğuzhan ÇIRAK ,Okan BOZYURT ,Enes Ertan KULAKSIZ — 2024-10-28

In the Aegean Region, Denizli Babadağ district is an active landslide site. Babadağ has been known as a "disaster zone" by public institutions since 1941. Babadağ's Gündoğdu District was declared a "Disaster Exposed Zone" by the decision of the Council of Ministers on 06/02/2007 and numbered 11684. For this reason, this study was carried out in order to reveal both the current landslide situation and landslide sensitivity of Babadağ district. In order to detect landslide sensitivity, 12 parameters were based and GIS-based maps were created based on them. With AHP Template software developed by SCB Associates Ltd, landslide sensitivity analysis of Babadağ district was carried out using weight and sensitivity formulas of parameters. As a result of landslide analysis, very low, low, medium, high and very high sensitive landslide areas were detected. As a result of the determination; Babadağ district, 46.02% of the total area (56.47 km²) "medium sensitivity" while the settlements were found to have a "high sensitivity" rating. For this reason, due to Babadağ landslide directly occur in county town settlement, in next landslide, settlement areas are in danger of landslide. Due to the physical geography characteristics suitable for landslides, it has been revealed that work on landslide hazards and risks should be continued in residential areas and infrastructure works.

INFORMATION SECURITY AWARENESS SCALE (ISAS) FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Can GÜLDÜREN — 2024-10-28

The purpose of this study is to develop a scale for university students to determine information security awareness levels. The categories and the indicators related to information security awareness were determined by the literature review. A question pool of 90-items related to the categories and the indicators was generated. Next, 23 field experts evaluated the draft scale form for the content validity. After that, the 67-point scale, which was redesigned in line with expert assessments, was practiced to the students studying at Ankara University. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, it was determined that the scale consists of 34 items and 4 subscales ('privacy and safe browsing', 'attacks and threats', ‘general security’ and ‘cyberbulling’).A confirmatory factor analysis with the data of the second group of 156 participants was performed at the following stage of the study, and the structure with four factors was confirmed. At the end of the construct validity analysis, the scale consists of four factors and 34 items, and the total variance that it can explain is 50,42%. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient and the Spearman-Brown split-half reliability coefficient were calculated to confirm the reliability of the scale. Besides, the significance of the differences between the upper and lower 27 % group item averages was examined using the corrected item-total correlation and t-test. The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient was 0.949 and the Spearman-Brown split half reliability coefficient was 0.861 for the whole scale, while it was calculated as PSB: 0.927/0.833, AT: 0.923/0.871, GS: 0.821/0.801, and CS: 0.898/0.887 for the sub-scales, respectively. All findings show that a high reliability and validity scale that can be used to determine the levels of information security awareness of university students was obtained.

V.A.T. APPLICATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION BUSINESSES

Mehmet Serdar ATAY — 2024-10-28

In the real estate sector in our country, there has been an intense migration towards big cities since the 1950s. As a result of this situation, it is observed that the urban population has a significant increase trend. As a natural consequence of the increasing trend of the urban population at such a high rate, the need for housing has also gained positive momentum. Important developments have occurred in the housing demand market with the urbanization that emerged as a result of all these developments. The market's demand for housing has brought a large number of contractors and construction to the agenda. And again, as an extension of this, tax regulations have been brought to the agenda. At the same time, considering the approximately 8% direct share of the construction industry in GDP and the economic effects of its affiliated sectors around 30%, it will reveal that the housing sector is one of our important sectors in our country. The housing sector which has a significant importance in our national economy has some unique features. Similarly, it has some implementation problems for construction accounting. It is seen that VAT implementations in construction industry accounting are just one of these issues. In our study, besides a brief general situation of the construction sector, VAT problems are studied. The study emphasizes the necessity of a more efficient and effective system of auditing mechanisms of the tax authority, in line with the past experiences regarding tax in the construction sector of our country.

THE REPORTING FUNCTION OF MEDIA AND COVID-19 VIRUS: HOW DID THE YOUTH USE THE REPORTING FUNCTION OF MEDIA IN CORONA PANDEMIC?

Mihalis KUYUCU — 2024-10-28

The Covid-19 pandemic, which is one of the most important disasters experienced in the world in the last century, affected people both economically, sociologically and psychologically. By the end of June 2020, 10 million people were infected and became ill with the Covid-19 virus globally and 500 thousand people died due to this virus which turned into a great panic around the world. During the course of this novel type of coronavirus, known as covid-19, life has come to a halt and the whole world is focused on receiving current information and news on this virus. As a matter of fact, the functions of the media came to the fore once again. During the Covid-19 pandemic, whether the media fulfills its reporting functions against the people and from which channels the people are receiving news and information has become an issue of concern. Thus; how the young people used the media while receiving news and information on the pandemic in the first half of 2020 when the Covid-19 pandemic was experienced in Turkey and what they think about the reporting function of the media have been investigated in this research. The research was applied to 271 students studying at universities in the provincial borders of Istanbul and the opinions about the reporting function of media during covid-19 pandemic were compiled. According to the research, young people were in the opinion that the media was successful in terms of reporting during the pandemic. During the pandemic period, the most used media for receiving news and information was determined as social media and television while the least used media was found out to be the printed newspaper and radio. Young people stated that they preferred the TV channels of Habertürk, TrtHaber and Fox TV during this process.

ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP STYLES IN INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF BOLMAN AND DEAL'S FOUR FRAMEWORK: A COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON THE BANKING SECTOR

Özlem IŞIK — 2024-10-28

Leadership has always been a main topic that is examined throughout the history. Behavior of leaders has directly or indirectly effect on workers and behaviors of them; and workers behave according to this effect. Considering the conditions of increasing competitive environment, just as other businesses the banking sector needs powerful leaders who will keep them superior to the competitors and ensure survival in market conditions. The purpose of this study is to analyze leader types in corporates in particular to the banking sector. The data of this study, which uses survey model and quantitative method, are carried out via “Leadership Orientation Questionnaire (LOQ) Scale” developed by Bolman and Deal (1991) and adapted to Turkish by Dereli (2003). For this purpose, a literature review on the concept of leadership and on the theories of leadership takes place in the first chapter of the study. Then, leadership theories are analyzed including Bolman and Deal’s “Four Framework Theory”. Second part of the study also uses Bolman and Deal’s theory to explore the perceptions of employees in private and state banks in Kayseri regarding the typologies of leadership that their institution is perceived to represent. Data is analyzed in accordance with the type of institution (state-private) and demographics.

EDUCATION IN THE AXIS OF DEMOCRACY AND MILITARY COUPS: A COUNTRY-SAMPLED ASSESSMENT

Vedat ŞAHİNTuncay AKINCI — 2024-10-28

Democracy is the system in which the political system takes place directly through the people's freely chosen representatives. Democracy requires citizens to participate in government within the framework of equal rights. But, it is not always possible for the democratic system to sit in a country and continue its functioning without interruption. There has been a blow that interrupted many democratic life in world history, especially in countries where undeveloped and social structures are not established. Coups are also taking place in many countries in the recent history of today, and elected administrations can be suspended. One way to prevent coups is to raise the public awareness of democracy. For this, education is an important tool. Because societies with a high level of education and respect for the rights of others will protect their managers and their rights that come with a fair selection. On the other hand, looking at the educational effect of coups in general, it is seen that the problems in education systems have not been solved. This is the case both when looking at the impact of coups in the history of Turkey on the education system and when looking at the countries of the world in general. This study was carried out by making content analysis on qualitative data. In this respect, content analysis, one of the in-depth analysis methods, was used in the study. As a result, in order for the democratic understanding to be internalized in society, it must be owned and supported. Otherwise, he will always have a desire to take over the government as a result of a coup in countries where his consciousness of democracy is weak. In this respect, especially in secondary education institutions, the importance of democracy and the drawbacks of coups should be covered in various courses. In this context, especially social studies, citizenship, history and geography lessons are suitable for understanding the importance of democracy in terms of content.

DISTRIBUTION OF VEFÂI LODGES AND ZAWIYAS THROUGHOUT ANATOLIAN GEOGRAPHY (XITH-XVTH CENTURIES)

Serpil SÖNMEZ — 2024-10-28

This paper aims to examine the distribution of lodges and zawiyas in Anatolia, which are subjects of Vefaiyye tariqa, founded in XIth Century. Thus, lodges and zawiyas of historical figures associated with Vefaism will be presented in coherence. To ensure this to happen, works about and mentioning this tariqa have been used. Vefaiyye Tariqa, founded in XIth century is claimed to be intensively effective on the religious life in Anatolia. Due to the connexion of Baba İlyas, the leader of Babai rebellion with this tariqa, the members of Babai movement in XIIIth Century; and followers of this movement in XIVth Century, Rum Abdals were subjects of Vefaiyye tariqa; and at the uttermost point, this tariqa has played a crucial role on the constitution of Bektashism and Alevism. Amongst historical figures which are determined by researchers as subject or connected with Vefaiyye tariqa, Dede Garkın, Baba İlyas, Muhlis Paşa, Baba İshak, Hacı Bektâş-ı Velî, Sarı Saltık, Emirci Sultan, Barak Baba, Tapduk Emre, Âşık Paşa, Elvan Çelebi, Âşıkpaşazâde, Seyyid Velâyet, Sheikh Edebalı, Sheikh Marzubân, Sheikh Behlül Baba, Sheikh Çoban (Şeyh Hüseyin er-Raî), Geyikli Baba, Abdal Musa, Baba Merendî (Buzağu Baba), Sheikh Süleyman-ı Türkmanî, Abdal Mehmed, Doglu Baba, Postînpuş Baba ve Seyit Hasan Ezrakî take place. Yet, the subjectance of some of these historical figures are debatable. Nevertheless, when the lodges and zawiyas of these figures are examined, lodges and zaviyes subjected to Vefaiyye tariqa in Eastern Anatolia, South-Eastern Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, Mediterrenean, Marmara, Middle Black Sea and Trakya; except for Western and Eastern Black Sea, can be observed. Besides, in Aegean Region, it is possible that there are lodges and zaviyas subjected to this tariqa have been existed.

TURKEY SELJUKS STATE BEING CONTIGUOUS TO THE MONGOLIAN STATE AND OGEDAY KAAN SENDING ENVOY TO ALAEDDINE KEYKUBADI FOR DEPENDANCE

Filiz AKÇAY — 2024-10-28

After Aladdin Kaykubâdh (the mighty ruler of the Turkey Seljuqs State) ascent to the throne he immediately started his conquests. But a new threat emerged when he took power. This threat was none other than Mongolians who invaded all of Central Asia and Eastern Europe. The Mongols had not yet seriously attacked Anatolian lands when Aladdin Kaykubâdh took charge of the state. The reasons this might be, the fact that we were also one of the strongest and they were our border neighbour at that time period. But that wasn’t the case shortly after Aladdin Kaykubâdh reign. The bad relations with Khwarazshahs resulted in their decadence which meant that the middle zone between the two states were no more there. Thus made us vulnerable for the Mongolian attacks. Aware of the seriousness of the Mongol attacks, Aladdin Kaykubâdh took some precautions against the Mongol danger in the country and continued the conquest movements to expand the borders of the country. After these events, the Mongolian Khan Ögeday, who subordinated many states, sent an ambassador to Alaeddin Kaykubâdh in 1236. The ambassador’s duty was to ask Aladdin Kaykubâdh to accept the supremacy of the Mongols. Ögeday met with this ambassador and accepted the ambassador’s requests and ordered him to be sent back to Ogeday Kahan with gifts and delicasies. However, before the ambassador set off, Aladdin Kaykubâdh lost his life and the ambassador was sent to Ogeday Kahan as stated. It took place during the time of Giyathad-din Kaykhusraw.

CLIMATE THERAPY AS A TOURISTIC PRODUCT TYPE

Aysel KAYAMehmet Han ERGÜVEN — 2024-10-28

Today, being healthy is strongly associated with quality of life, and the air quality and climate comfort become more important. With the Major Health Reform that was put into effect in 2000 in Germany, the illness-oriented perspective was replaced with a health-based approach. Although the use of thermal water therapies has increased in recent years, the climate (air)-based therapies have not yet been used in Turkey. These therapies that are performed by using the climate, which is of vital importance, contribute to increased quality of life, and they also protect and enhance the public health. From this viewpoint, it is aimed to review and analyze the climate therapy practices that are common in Germany and Austria, to discuss current status of climate therapy, to form a general framework through the findings, and to call the attention of practitioners and academics to the importance of this subject in Turkey. It is also aimed to encourage sustainable initiatives for economic development in rural areas and for prevention of immigration by preserving-using the natural resources that are already in hand for rapidly-growing health tourism in Turkey. In the study, descriptive research method was used. The data were retrieved from secondary sources about climate therapy studies and applications, and relevant websites. As a result of this study, it was observed that climate therapy has not yet been used in Turkey, and it was suggested that the climate therapy centers in Germany and Austria may be taken as examples, and these models may be implemented in cities with critical air pollution levels. It is predicted that Medical Ecology and Hydroclimatology Departments in Medical Schools and the tourism industry may collaborate on this matter.

HERMENEUTICS AND ITS EFFECT ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: TERRITORIAL DISPUTES BETWEEN CHINA AND THE PHILIPPINES

İshak TURAN — 2024-10-28

Hermeneutics, as an art of interpretation, is gradually gaining popularity in social sciences. Hermeneutical approach, starting from the Antiquity period until today, appeared first in the texts of Theology and Law. With the growing individualism and scientific progress in the eighteenth century, hermeneutics has been seen in a various social science. The efforts to set “one right” in interpreting have led hermeneutics to be discussed in a positivist methodology at the beginning. But then, the new critical approaches have ensured hermeneutics to take part in social sciences as well. Hermeneutics is directly influenced by the scientific philosophy of the time. It seems that philosophers who left their marks in the period and the approaches of thinkers working on this field also have affected interpretation methods. The relationship between the period and the thinker has always had a fundamental influence in re-evaluating the texts. It is no wonder that the department of International Relations which benefits from basic sciences to have been affected by that trend. International Relations is a field that carries a variety of studies in many sub-disciplines. Political Science, Theology, Philosophy, Sociology, Law, Economics and Translation Studies are the main ones. Therefore, researchers in international relations, benefiting from texts in these sub-disciplines, are influenced by their interpreted text in their works. It is seen that the global or regional dominant powers take advantage of it by interpreting in accordance with their own interests since the written legal texts usually contain ambiguous expressions. This study aims to reveal how hermeneutics is shaped in social sciences within a conceptual framework by analyzing the problem of the controversial islands on the South China Sea between China and the Philippines at the International Court of Justice as a case study.

INVESTIGATION OF THE CONCEPT OF FREEDOM ON KANT AND SPINOSA

Dilek SACIHAN — 2024-10-28

The question of whether human beings are free has been dealt with by different thinkers from different perspectives throughout the history and different opinions have been put forward in this regard. While Spinoza and Kant agreed that reason is a means of freedom in a determinist world, they have put forward different understandings about how this will be revealed. Spinoza states that there can be no freedom of will or will for man, and that man can be free if he makes rational decisions and acts without being guided by passions such as desire and fear. For Spinoza, who considers God to be a necessary and free being, necessity and freedom belong only to God. According to Spinoza, man cannot be free because he has some emotions. The only way for human emancipation is to intuitively grasp the divine order. For Spinoza, reason appears as a mind that is aware of the necessity of the law of nature. In Kant, this situation appears as the mind that makes the law in itself. According to Kant, he argues that man is the determinant of his own action through reason and that human beings can be an autonomous being in this context. Freedom appears as an ide produced by the human mind. According to Kant, only one who can act in accordance with the moral law can be called free. Freedom is an ethical value that is unique to the individual. While Spinoza associates freedom on the basis of body by thinking of the mind through the body, Kant by thinking the mind through the subject; freedom on the basis of the subject. In our study, the concept of freedom is discussed within the framework of Kant and Spinoza's philosophy.

PANOPTICON THROUGH ART

Burak Muhammet GÖKLER — 2024-10-28

For centuries, people have accepted that there is a superior power than themselves. They saw this power sometimes in nature, sometimes in gods or demi-gods and sometimes in their rulers, and tried to determine a direction under their leadership. Humanity has been under surveillance since its inception until today, whether aware or not. Because each individual is watching what’s at his disposal. The emergence of surveillance, or in other words the Panopticon, comes from a prison built in 1785. With the construction of the prison designed by Jeremy and Samuel Bentham, the Panopticon began to be felt more and spread to other places outside the prison. This structure, which was built in a circular plan, affected the whole world both with its plan schema and its underlying philosophy. The Panopticon is everywhere today, with cameras, mobile phones, tablets, computers, websites (cookies) and the Internet, social media accounts and many other ways that we cannot count. Most people today may not even be aware of this. How people were put under surveillance or watched before the emergence of the term Panopticon and its philosophy lies in the technology of that era. In a society where today’s technology did not exist, the best way to carry out surveillance is through the reflections of belief, city planning, architectural and artistic works, and loyal people in the service of power. Every artefact made available by a government is seen as a reflection of the power and art of that government and its service to the people. However, through artefacts there is no time when oversight or panopticon is realized. Nevertheless,“in every consumption there is an surveillance”. Based on this philosophy, how people are kept in under surveillance will be evaluated through each symbol used on the structures of trade buildings, belief centers, especially in Göbeklitepe, and palaces.

THE U.S. CAPITOL RAID: AN ASSESSMENT OF INTERNATIONAL REACTIONS

Sinem ÇELİK — 2024-10-28

American democracy has entered a great downturn with Donald Trump, who became the US president after winning the 2016 elections. The American democracy, which had declined in the pre-Trump period due to reasons such as increased partisanship, polarization, conflict with the judiciary, and money flow to politics, has gradually lost blood due to all anti-democratic practices implemented by Trump. The moment when the democratic recession experienced during the Trump era reached its peak, it was the raid of the American Capitol Building after call of Trump, who made allegations in the presidential elections in November 2020, to his supporters in front of the White House. The situation in the Capitol is the culminating point of Trump’s months of tweets and statements that pushing his supporters to tempest the 2020 election results. The Capitol witnessed such use force for the first time since 1814. It is possible to say that it is a day of shame for American democracy when the American Capitol was occupied by Trump supporters and the democratic progress was interrupted. This chaos in Washington has dealt a strong blow to American democracy by polarizing the country, and at the same time, it has raised of the questionability of the USA, which claims to bring democracy to places where there is no democracy. After the raid of the Capitol by Trump supporters, reactions from all over the world did not delay. The aim of the study is to give information about the raid of the Capitol after discussing the recession of American democracy in the Trump era, and to evaluate the international reactions to the events.

THE EFFECT OF INTERNET ADS ON PURCHASING BEHAVIOR

Hüseyin PALAMurat SEZGİN — 2024-10-28

This study is a research on the effect of banner, pop-up and search engine ads that broadcast advertisements in the internet environment on the purchasing behavior of the consumer. This study consists of three main parts. In the first part of the study, theoretical information about the internet and advertising was obtained by scanning the literature. In the second part, the theoretical information about consumer behavior, which is the other subject of the research, was made by scanning the literature again. In the third part, the application part of the study was included, in this context, a total of 18 hypotheses, including 3 main hypotheses and 5 sub-hypotheses under each main hypothesis, were determined. In the study, the Attitude towards Banner Ads scale and the Purchasing decision process scale were used and a survey was applied to 672 people to create data in the application section. Individuals from İzmir, Manisa and Uşak provinces aged 18 and over and who have made online shopping at least once participated in the survey. Analyzes were made as a result of entering the results of the answered questionnaires into the SPSS program. In addition to these, demographic features and frequency analysis of internet usage characteristics, reliability analysis, frequency analysis of banner ads, pop-up ads, search engine ads and purchase behavior scales, and again banner ads, pop-up ads, search engine ads and purchase behavior scales Mean and standard deviation values were determined and interpreted. In addition, three main and thirteen sub-hypotheses were tested by performing regression analysis in the study. According to the test results, 17 of the 18 hypotheses were accepted and 1 was rejected.

PERSPECTIVES OF PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANTS ON CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF INDEPENDENT AUDIT: THE CASE OF ELAZIG PROVINCE

Enes POLATÖzcan DEMİR — 2024-10-28

The growing importance of independent auditing is gaining greater value, especially in all developed or developing countries. As the accounting systems become more complex and accounting transactions become more and more difficult, the growth of enterprises is realized. That makes it difficult for business decision-makers to make decisions within this complex system. For this reason, in order for business managers to make an accurate and reliable decision, the data provided by the entity's financial statements must reflect the truth. Whether the financial statements used reflect the truth or not is only possible by assessing with auduting. Professional experience, knowledge and other characteristics of the members of the profession (SM, SMMM, YMM) that will carry out the auditing activities are of great importance. The quality and reliability of the audit to be performed can be realized by minimizing the audit risks of the independent auditor. In this study, first of all, literature review is conducted to measure the perspectives of accounting professionals to auditing and to answer the questions of professional accountants about their independent auditing, whether they are ready for audit activities and whether independent auditing will be useful. In addition, the study aimed to determine the perspectives of the members of the profession with the changes in the field of independent audit. For this purpose, 155 persons from 250 (dependent and independent) professionals in Elazığ province were reached and a questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. SPSS-22.0 program was used in the analysis of the research data. In addition, in order to determine the data, the results were interpreted by perforning t-test and One-way Anova test among the veriables.

TEKEL RESISTANCE AS AN ANTI-POVERTY MOVEMENT

Şenol SIRMA — 2024-10-28

The last forty years since the 1980s have witnessed intense attacks of the capital in all areas. Unfortunately, working life and employees in this context were seriously affected by these attacks. These attacks have increasingly condemned workers to precarious labor regimes. Precarization, expropriation and, finally, impoverishment in the world of work were the main apparent consequences of these attacks. This process, which means the liquidation of the public sphere, also meant deregulation in working life. The commercialization of the public sphere and the transfer of public resources to the market and other non-market actors were among the salient features of this process. The 78-day period, starting on December 15, 2009 and ending March 2, 2010, was an open opposition to the above-mentioned attacks. In the cold and snowy days of Ankara, Tekel Workers managed to be the only agenda of almost the whole country against their social rights plundered through Privatization. The view that this struggle against marketization and precarization mentioned above is an anti-poverty movement at the same time forms the basis of this study. As a matter of fact, this struggle experience of Tekel Workers is just one of many examples that can be considered as anti-poverty. The Monopoly Resistance, which will be considered as an anti-poverty movement, is also an anti-poverty movement because it is a struggle of the working class, which has become impoverished as a result of neo-liberal policies, against poverty.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE CONTINENTAL EUROPE: CAMERALISM AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE OTTOMAN STATE

Sinan SUNARÖzgür ÖNDER — 2024-10-28

Cameralism is seen as an important current because of the fact that it was a field of study in administrative science and public administration idea and also prominent in the continental Europe and Turkey from Tanzimat Era. Cameralism, having been providing economic welfare and constitution of a modern state, contained the field called state science (Staatswisenchaften): Cameralism compromised of three main components like finance, law and economy, as it coincided with the building of the modern state. It is the prominent idea that the state could tax within the legal framework that functioned economically and created welfare with the sources it created. Reflecting the continental understanding of administrative science and showing some differences from the Anglo-Saxon public administration approach, cameralism drew attraction to the Ottoman bureaucrats from the beginning of 19^th century. Cameralism was found attractive by Tanzimat reformist bureaucrats through Sadık Rıfat Pasha who was then Vienna Ambassador. Though it was left undiscovered of the respects of Cameralism that led to bureaucratic elitism/despotism, Cameralism was used to put the state in modern design, constitute a taxation system and create administrative reforms. Tanzimat Declaration addressed the ruled as much as the rulers from outside the ancient rules in classical Ottoman. Having got rid of the restriction on life and property coming from subject bureaucracy , Ottoman bureaucracy, as Ortaylı points out, declared their independence as they saw Cameralism as the only cure to save the state. In this sense, in our study, the general lines of cameralism, which has contributed significantly to the development of the discipline of public administration, especially in Continental Europe, has been put forward and how it affected the Ottoman Empire in the reform process.

DEVELOPMENT OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCE IN BASKETBALL PLAYERS PLAYING IN THE WOMEN REGIONAL BASKETBALL LEAGUE

Kürşad Han DÖNMEZAhmet SALBACAK ,Rıdvan TÜRKERİ — 2024-10-28

Aim: The aim of this study is to see the development of balance ability with easy-to- apply training programs prepared for female basketball players competing in amateur leagues. Material and Method: In this study, 12 active players of Giresun University Women's Basketball team, who fought in ENTL in the 2018-2019 season, who did not have neurological disease, vestibular visual discomfort or serious lower limb disability in the last 6 months were included. Balance training has been prepared for the players for 12 weeks. Before starting the exercise program specially prepared for the players and at the end of every 4 weeks, static balance abilities, flamingo balance test and dynamic balance abilities were taken and recorded both dominant and non-dominant side measurements with star balance test. Results: After the exercises and measurements, it is seen that the static balance ability and dynamic balance ability showed improvement compared to the previous measurement. When the results are examined, it is seen that p value is approximately 0,000 in all athletes. This value, which is below the significance level we selected (p = 0.05), clearly shows that each measurement value of the athletes has improved compared to the previous one. Conclusion: It is observed that static and dynamic balance abilities can be developed with easy-to-apply balance training prepared for female athletes.