The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, Year 2021 Issue Year: 14 - Number: 86

HYBRID EDUCATION DURING PANDEMIC: VOICES OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY MEMBERS

Şeyma YILDIRIMBüşra Nur DURMAZ ,Fatma ÇİLOĞLAN KONUR ,Feyza DOYRAN — 2024-10-28

The aim of this study is to examine the strengths and weaknesses of hybrid education as perceived by students and faculty members at a foundation university in Turkey. This case study therefore applies a phenomenological approach aimed at analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the hybrid education delivered at a foundation university in Gaziantep, Turkey by examining the views of both students and faculty members. Semi-structured focus group interview questions were prepared by the researchers following the literature and expert views. As well as SWOT questions, further questions were added to highlight the major experiences of the participants, 22 students from three departments in the Education Faculty and six faculty members. The data was collected on the Zoom platform through focus group interviews. The meetings were recorded, and transcribed word by word. Content analysis was applied to analyze the transcribed data. The main findings reveal that the majority of students are more motivated in face-to-face classes, especially in this chaotic period, as they have the chance to get out of their home and meet their friends while attending classes. In addition, faculty members highlighted difficulties in coordinating face-to-face and online participants. The results of the research showed similarities with the studies in the literature on hybrid teaching and also revealed results that will shed light on future studies.

EVALUATION OF STUDENT MATRICULATION PROCESSES FOR MUSIC EDUCATION GRADUATE PROGRAMS

Emin Ersöz YİĞİTErdem ÇAĞLAR ,Beril TEKELİ YİĞİT — 2024-10-28

Postgraduate music education, which has an essential role in music education, is carried out within the institutes operating in universities in Turkey. Master's and doctorate programs in music education are available in many universities. Distance education-teaching activities, which became widespread after the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, also include postgraduate education. The student matriculation processes of these programs were also affected by this situation. Universities follow various paths in these processes. In this research, the student matriculation processes of the institutes operating within the universities in Turkey examined in terms of “types, types of programs they serve, student quotas, number of faculty members, application conditions, pre-evaluation processes, exam types, exam contents, placement situations and technologies they use” variables. The graduate student matriculation processes in the fall and spring semesters of the 2020-2021 academic year of the institutes operating in 36 universities of Turkey were examined using the descriptive survey method. The applications used in music education distance education were determined and examined in various aspects by literature review. It has been concluded that, in the process of matriculating students to music education graduate programs concerning the emergency distance education applications that occurred under pandemic conditions, institutes are primarily within the scope of educational sciences, more student quotas announced in the fall semester compared to the spring semester, application conditions and evaluation processes differ between universities, detailed information about science exam/interviews is mostly not found on the web pages of universities, exam processes mostly carried out face to face, and only two universities benefit from technological applications.

A REVIEW ON GALATIMESHUR AND TEACHER'S OPINIONS

Ceyda GÖKDEMİRFulya TOPÇUOĞLU ÜNAL — 2024-10-28

“Galatımeşhur” is various words or phrases’ wrongly gaining a widespread usage area as a result of the change in the language itself and as a natural result of its interaction with different languages. Mistakes in the language, which are widely used without giving importance to their being wrong, are deeply rooted in the language, have made us forget their original meanings and resulted in the wrong forms being perceived as correct. The aim of this research is based on the general examination of the Galatımeşhur in today's Turkish and the determination and evaluation of the awareness of the teachers of various gender, age, branch, professional experience. In this study, qualitative research methods and techniques were used. The work group of the research consists of 100 teachers from different branches, working voluntarily in the Ministry of National Education and in various provinces of Turkey. In the research, teachers' opinions about the Galatımeşhur were asked in order to determine and evaluate their awareness about the Galatımeşhur taking into account the variables such as gender, age, branch, professional experience. For this purpose, using semi-structured interview method, data have been collected. The data collected in the research have been analyzed with the content analysis method. The evidences have been interpreted by creating codes and themes. In accordance with the opinions gathered from the teachers, it was concluded that even if it is seen as a problem for the language, Galatımeşhur are not used correctly, and the teachers do not have a heightened awareness of them.

THE PERCEPTION OF SUFISM IN THE POEMS OF MUSTAFA INCEDIL, ONE OF HATAY'S MASTER LOVERS

Hüseyin Kürşat TÜRKAN — 2024-10-28

Sufism, which can be defined as turning towards God by giving up all worldly enthusiasm and desires, has become a common understanding among Turks who have entered the Islamic religion en masse since the tenth century. The similarity between the “kam” type in the pre-Islamic period and the “guardian” type in the Islamic period played an active role in the Turks easy adoption of Islam. Sufism became widespread as a result of the members of Sufism traveling across Anatolia, “Yesevism, Bektashism, Kadirism, etc.” It has been instrumental in the formation of sects and lodges based on differences of opinion such as. Although there are differences of opinion in these sects, the main goal is the same. The aim of the representatives to the nephew, who are trying to reveal a literary understanding based on the love of God and the prophet in different mediums by nourishing from the same roots, is to try to perform the perception and understanding of Sufism in a manner that the public can understand, in a way that the people can understand. Thus, under the roof to be named "Religious Sufi Literature", the principles and procedures of Islam started to be conveyed by the minstrels, who had a rich tradition and past, through the forms and forms of national poetry. These representatives, as they grew up with a master-apprentice relationship, are accustomed to writing on non-religious subjects and have also begun to write poems on religious subjects. The new acquisition of the tradition has been passed down from generation to generation and carried over to the present day through new apprentices. Within the tradition of minstrelsy, many minstrels have been raised from the first representatives to the present day. Among the aforementioned lovers, there are also those who play saz and utter poetry, as well as those who cannot play saz and sing poems. In this context, playing the saz has a special place and importance in tradition as well as making words. Mustafa İncedil from Hatay is one of the lovers who knows how to play saz in addition to the irtical feature in the execution environment. It was determined that Mustafa İncedil, one of the lovers of Hatay region, wrote poems on religious subjects, being influenced by the aforementioned sects and lodges. In the study, after giving brief information about the life of Asaq Incedil from Hatay and his perception of tsavvuf, some of his poems with Sufism content will be examined under certain headings in order to determine the perception of Sufism in the subject.

CONTEXT RHETORIC AND INTERPRETATION OF MUTAHABIH VERSES

Ahmed ALDYAB — 2024-10-28

The Quran continues to be a source in many researches, as well as the most important source in Arabic rhetoric. Undoubtedly, there are evers that have not been revealed in the Quran until now. These existing cevers have always kept the Qur'an alive in the eyes of researchers. Some of the scholars have tried to interpret the Qur'an by looking at the Quran in terms of interpretation. Some scholars have tried to make fiqh decrees by looking at the Quran in terms of fiqh. Some of them examined the Qur'an in terms of recitation and tried to reveal the relationship between tafsir and recitation. Some scholars have done research by bringing together different disciplines.. In the future, such researches will continue to enlighten humanity in different ways. This research is both language and eloquence. This research deals with a topic related to both language and exegesis. As we know, the Quran contains some verses, terms and various subjects revolving around these subjects. Under this title; We can mention the stories of the Quran, the rituals of the past tribes such as belief and worship. A lot of research has been done on the amulet verses in the Quran. However, most of these studies were descriptive, that is, they did not mention the differences of the verse, their reasons, and their connections to the verse's influence. The purpose of this study is to complete the deficiency here. In this study, the amulet verses were selected and the similarity and similarity between these verses were explained. These give rhetorical and technical clues and enrich the verse in terms of interpretation and interpretation.

“SOVIETBEK BAYGAZIEV”: KIRGIZ POEM BROKE THE CHAIN OF SLAVERY

Döne ARSLANOrhan SÖYLEMEZ — 2024-10-28

Sovyetbek Baygaziyev is a Kirgiz folk poet who has number of poems dealing with Kirgiz culture. He is awarded in literature and politics awards in Kirgizstan. Has worked as a journalist, editor, lecturer, and director of higher education institutions. In 2007, he published his 176-page poetry anthology titled "?�?�ш?�?�?�?�?� ?�?�ш?�?�?�?�?� рухту?� ыр?�?�ры" (Poems of the Soul that Survived its Chain), in Bishkek with the Gülçınar publishing house. The book contains poems that draw attention to the social developments experienced in Kirgiz society after the declaration of independence in 1991, the traditions and customs that are the elements of national identity, the decreasing interest in Kirgiz history and language and even religion. In this work, we look into the poems selected from the poet's books "?�үр?�үттү?� ?�ө?� ?�?�шы", the Eagle's Tear and "?�?�?�?�ы?� ?�?�?�ы?�. ?�р?�?�р”, the Lonely Boat. The poems formed around concepts such as homeland, mother tongue, Kirgiz culture, Islam religion and history which play an important role in the construction of "national identity have been analyzed and interpreted. Sovietsbek Baygaziyev wrote his poems with national consciousness. While he was writing his poems, he heavily criticized the nation's lack of ideology and its disappearance day by day, and aimed to achieve a national awakening in his people through his poems. In his poems, he frequently mentions the helplessness of his people, his despair before foreigners, and his ignorance of his destruction. Sovietbek Baygaziyev; deals with the reality of his country and its people with heavy criticism in his poems; because for him "poetry" is the reality of life. The poet, who also mentions the natural beauties of his homeland in his poems, did not forget to include important personalities such as Manas and Cengiz Aitmatov, who made Kyrgyz, in his poems.

A PHONETIC EVALUATION ABOUT YENISEI INSCRIPTION

Abdullah YILDIRIM — 2024-10-28

Language, a living entity has a structure that changes and develops in time due to its nature. Words, which are the basic structure of the language, change semantically and phonetically in this process. Phonetic changes in a language are usually related to the internal dynamic structure of the language itself. In this study, the phonetic properties of Yenisei inscriptions, which are thought to have been estimated between the 8th and 10th centuries, were evaluated in terms of phonetic knowledge. The article is based on the book “Yenisei Inscriptions” written by Erhan Aydın and it is considered as the most comprehensive study ever made on Yenisei inscriptions. The inscriptions numbered between E 1 –E 154 in the Yenisei region and inscriptions that were not numbered (Lisiç’ya I-II, Knışi Köyünden Bronz Ayna Starı, Kök Haya, Beyskoye Köyünden Gümüş Kama, Kamenka Köyünden Bronz Para, Bronz Para-Krasnoyarsk, Devlet Ermitajı’ndan Gümüş Kap, Kunya Dağı Kaya Yazıtı, Kulplu Sedyarski Maşrapası, Kulplu Gümüş Maşrapa, Adrianov Koleksiyonundan Bir Yazıt, Sargol, Ozernaya II, Çinge ve Edegey I-VI) were also included in the study. All of the mentioned inscriptions have been scanned and divided into subheadings by the method of classification. It is included phonetically remarkable details and some specific details about the use of punctuation marks. It has been observed that the Yenisei inscriptions generally reflect the linguistic features of Orkhon Turkish. The current study reflects the phonetic characteristics of the period in which it was written, so it is thought that it will be a source for similar studies to be done from now on.

THE EFFECT OF DYSTOPIAN ENVIRONMENT ON SOCIETY AND INDIVIDUALS IN AK KOCH, KARA KOCH NOVEL BY ANAR

Aynur BEŞKONAK — 2024-10-28

Anar Rzayev is one of the main figures of Azerbaijani national literature.The author, who aimed to serve the national and spiritual values of the people in his works written both during the Soviet period and after the establishment of the independent Azerbaijan State, discussed the classical and contemporary civilization and literature of Azerbaijan in a modern perspective as well as a historical approach. Anar as a wrıter and as a person who has an important place in social and political life, touched on the most current problems in his works and tried to protect national and spiritual values. The novel written by Anar Rzayev Ak Koch, Kara Koch is one of the best novels witten on utopia and dystopia and is a great sample of contemporary Azerbaijani literature. Famous Azerbaijani folktale “Malikmammad” inspired the author, who likes to refer fairy tales in his works, to write this novel of Ak Koch, Kara Koch (White Ram, Black Ram) and it is a good example of intertextuality. The story is depicted as an undesirable and desirable event and author again presented an image of an unrealistic country. In the second chapter (dystopian chapter), totally different society model was mentioned compare to the first part of the novel and the seriousness of the situation was revealed. The situation in this part is tragic. There is an undesirable image of Azerbaijan divided into three parts. Since dystopian narratives are one of the tools of social criticism, the author here gives a message to society. He refers to the possibility of both futures, people must learn to distinguish the good from the bad, and that the choice is in your hands.

CASES OF “DEMONIC POSSESSION” WITH EXAMPLES FROM FOLK NARRATIVES

Berna KOLOT — 2024-10-28

Fear is an emotion that occurs when people perceive threats from the outside world and experience anxiety. Fear that arises in every person for different reasons can also arise in front of supernatural beings that people cannot see, touch, but perceive as a threat. People were afraid of these creatures, which are often considered evil spirits, and tried to protect themselves from them. In that way, people turned to shamans in the pre-Islamic period, while after the adoption of Islam they turned to people like khoja, spiritualists, exorcists for protecting. People who think that jinn also travels around their world believe that jinn can come to where people live at any moment. Therefore, instead of mentioning jinn’s name, people try to prevent this situation by using various nicknames, such as “üçler, iyi saatte olsunlar, dışarşerli". In addition, it is believed that the jinn owns some places in the world, such as “cemeteries, ruins, deserted places”. These supposed genie habitats qualify as “uncanny places”. People elaborate not to pass through them or do not stay there for a long time. Also, when people consciously or unconsciously harm the jinn (somehow to burn or crush them, etc.), it is believed that this will anger the jinn, and they will want to punish people. The physical or spiritual changes observed in people who allegedly come into contact with jinn in folk narratives and beliefs are called “demonic possession”. This study is intended to explain why and how the jinn multiplies people, through sources selected from Anatolian folk narratives.

THE FACTORS SHAPING INDIVIDUAL AND LITERARY PERSONALlTY OF ABDULLAH HARMANCI AND THEIR REFLECTIONS ON HİS STORIES

Büşra TUNKSüleyman UZKUÇ — 2024-10-28

Abdullah Harmancı is known in our literature with his works in the story genre. Having started his writing career with poetry, Harmancı, who decided on the story after his novel trials, produced important works for Turkish short storytelling in this field. Muhteris, Ertesi Dünya, Yerlere Göklere, Seni Ne İhtiyarlattı, Melek Kayıtları, Behçet Bey Neden Gülümsedi?, Hışırtı Avcısı the author, who has seven storybooks titled, has covered topics such as love, loneliness, problems of authors and magazine publishing, problems of academics, provincial-center conflict, husband-wife relations, death and afterlife. Harmancı worldview, which gains weight in the Islamic sense, forms of the basis of his stories. The writer tries to balance his life and worldview with his understanding of art. In this context, it is possible to find traces from the stories of Abdullah Harmancı, who actively continues his writing life, from his life and personal characteristics. Also he is a writer who feeds on his environment, he has always been in search of a new form. Harmancı, who wrote short and short and short-short stories, has become a successful and recognized representative of the postmodern literary understanding. In this article, the elements that shape the literary personality of Abdullah Harmancı are emphasized, the effects of his family, educationi reading, geographies and religious concerns on the formation of his own personality and reflections of these effects on Harmancı's stories are tried to be expressed. The author gives alot of information about both his life and his personal characteristics in the interviews with him. This information shows the artist's family, personality, education life, readings and the geofraphies he lived in reflect on his stories.

REWRITING HERSTORY THROUGH NATURE: DORIS LESSING’S THE CLEFT

Kübra BAYSAL — 2024-10-28

A ground-breaking novel by Doris Lessing, The Cleft (2007) dwells on environmental matters under the context of ecofeminism and depicts the beginnings of the first human civilisation paving the way for the Anthropocene, or in other words, the human age, reflecting the geological transformation of the Earth by human impact. In the novel, a separate creation of men and women is pictured with a new type of society where women are the first humans pursuing an eco-friendly philosophy of life while men come to being later as intruders to the women’s rule. The women object to the abrupt appearance of men violently while men similarly resort to violence and commit several crimes against women in retaliation, which lays the foundations of the first anthropocentric society. However, reconciling despite their differences, the women and the men eventually form the first unified human society leaving their permanent anthropocentric print on nature. Realising their mistakes and learning from them, this budding society endeavours to pursue an environmental-friendly way of life both for humanity and the nonhuman environment, which are indeed interdependent. This study aims to analyse The Cleft as a narrative of the twenty-first century accentuating the vitality of the nonhuman environment and the critical role of human beings in the ongoing process of becoming. In this sense, the novel sets a valuable example for the readers in catching the gist of the new world reality at present, the Anthropocene, and finding their intricate role in the impasse of anthropogenic environmental transformations.

A.S. PUSHKIN IN THE 1830 CHOLERA OUTBREAK: FIRST BOLDINO AUTUMN

Havva Hilal ÇELİKATEŞ TEPEDuygu İKİSİVRİ AKDEMİR — 2024-10-28

Throughout history, epidemics have affected every segment of society and made it necessary for individuals to adapt to new life styles. The obligation of quarantine, which is applied to prevent the spread of epidemics, has created a very productive period, especially for some artistic personages. The quarantine period has given many artists the opportunity to go on an inner journey, as well as to obtain the conditions they need to realize their talent. Factors such as loneliness, being away from the community, having enough free time for literary works can turn the quarantine process into a productive art period. One of the leading examples of this is the quarantine process that Pushkin had to undergo in Boldino during the cholera epidemic in Russia in 1830. Pushkin, who could not return to Moscow for about three months in the fall of 1830, lived alone away from his fiancé, family and friends at that time. The only way of communication with his beloveds was correspondence. Moreover, autumn was his favourite and most productive season. Indeed, Boldino was the place where he wrote many of his works and therefore was accepted as "First Boldino Autumn" (Boldinskaya Osen’) in the history of Russian literature. The efficiency of the quarantine process, which is fed by the Boldino Autumn period, a period that is accepted as the culmination of Pushkin's creativity, is emphasized today with the words "Any quarantine may result in a Boldino Autumn". This study will firstly deal with the life style of Pushkin during the period concerned, and then analyse the effect of the quarantine process on his art life by means of elaborating on the writer's thoughts about quarantine through his letters.

EXAMINATION OF ATIQ RAHIMI'S THE STONE OF PATIENCE NOVEL WITH THE FORMATIVE STRUCTURALIST METHOD

Kübra Şeyma AYDIN — 2024-10-28

In patriarchal societies, the oppression and the ability to dominate women are relatively higher. The reproduction of the human generation with a one-sided perspective disrupts the balance of the vital system. Balance becomes meaningful when it is achieved both in communication and in the genders. This situation also puts the characteristic structure of individuals into action. When one-sided ideas establish an authority over the reproduction of the human generation, they not only distort the action, but also disrupt the characteristic structure of individuals for generations, and disrupt their cultural processes and positive transfers. The Stone of Patience is important in that it expresses the negative consequences of corrupt moral and traditional lifestyles and draws attention to the restructuring of this system. The novel has been studied in the formative structuralist method of Lucien Goldmann. The headings of retrogression technique, montage technique, dialogue technique, internal dialogue technique, religious level, cultural level, economic level and symbolic analysis, which are included in the formative structuralist method, are included. The universal truths of the images in the work are included and the aspects that carry the work to the universal dimension are emphasized. Existential determinations have been made about the causes of social corruption. These determinations are explained on the basis of scientific data on the Tao, the Qur'an and the subconscious. In this way, the work has been perceived as multifaceted. Through the position of the concept of woman in eastern societies, the symbols in the work are explained in a wide variety and the viewpoint of the concept of woman is brought to the level of universal understanding of women. This study was written with the aim of revealing the main reasons for the results of the wrong structures based on morality in society and emphasizing the necessity of the understanding of equality between men and women from an ontological point of view.

THE ROLE OF QUR’ANIC VERSES IN UNDERSTANDING HADITH TEXTS

Ekrem YÜCELCemal URAL — 2024-10-28

The Qur'an and hadith/sunnah are the two main sources of Islam and they have a close connection from many perspectives. In this context, it is clear that the hadith is used for in understanding the Quran and it is benefited from the Quran for the determining the origin of the hadiths. Contrary to its common usage in this study, the role of the Quran/verses in understanding and interpreting hadiths has been emphasized. On this occasion, it is aimed to both the reviving mentioned method and to contribute a little to the correct understanding of the hadiths. Thus, there are many examples of this method in classical hadith sources no less. After some hadith texts, it is seen that the Prophet or the transmitter associated the hadith text with a verse in two different ways. The first form of these, it is said that “The meaning/criterion of this hadith is the following word of God” after it is transmitted hadith text. Then they are estahlished link of meaning between the hadith and a verse by pointing out it. The second form is the verses that it is read after the hadith. In both cases, it is a connection is established between the hadith and the verse and the Quran determines the meaning area of the hadith text. Although it is obvious that this method will contribute to the correct understanding of the hadith and fixation of the raised hadith meaning, it should be emphasized that it is not the only principle and will yield better results when used together with other methods.

EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION OF THE VERSES ABOUT PATIENCE

Nurhan DUDAKLINazım BAYRAKDAR — 2024-10-28

According to the Islamic belief, the Qur’an is the last divine book that was sent to humanity and is a guide on the true path for people. The way for people to live in peace, joy and harmony, in a principled and honorable way in line with the purposes of creation is clearly shown in the Qur’an. In the Qur'an, with the help of verses in it, people are constantly encouraged to think so that they realize this path which leads to salvation / welfare, appreciate its value and turn to it. If we take a look at the Qur’an as a whole, it will be easily seen that this road has some principles. Moral values constitute one of these principles. How these values are handled in the Qur’an and what their educational value is a matter that needs research. One of the most fundamental values that is presented and wanted to be learned by people within Qur’an is “patience”. In this study, some educational evaluations were made by analyzing verses about patience. In the research, the question "What is the educational value of the verses about patience?" was sought answer. The data in the study were collected by the method of document analysis. The study was concluded in the light of evaluations made. As a result of the research, it was determined that the number of verses about patience in the Qur’an is found to be quite high and that these verses contain elements that will enable people to focus their attention on the value of patience, to recognize the value of patience in various aspects therefore understand it, to gain it and to be motivated to live in harmony with it.

EVALUATION OF MUSIC THERAPY AND MUSIC MEDICINE APPLICATIONS FROM A POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE

Emine Ceylan ÜNAL AKBULUT — 2024-10-28

Music has been an indispensable part of our lives for centuries. It has sometimes been used as a substitute for verbal communication. Emotions conveyed through instruments or singing and with sounds through musical notes can have an effect on the sick parts of our body. It is revealed day by day that it affects people mentally, psychologically and physiologically. Especially the applications made in clinical settings prove the effect of music. In recent years, studies in the field of Music Therapy and Music Medicine have been increasing. Positive psychology also appears in our lives with presentations made face-to-face and on digital platforms. People will always need to feel good. This study includes five studies in the field in the last three years and published in indexed journals. Studies under the title of music therapy were examined. The exam anxiety of nursing students, crying of babies of mothers who have recently given birth, discomfort experienced by patients receiving chemotherapy treatment during application, anger of individuals with mental illness, and elimination the anxiety of patients with inguinal hernia surgery are the topics. These studies were not only progressed in a therapeutic process, but it was also seen that music was used just for listening as a medicine. As a result, music is used for therapeutic purposes or for providing instant well-being in the life journey. The field covers from being a student to illness, motherhood and occasional discomfort. It is thought that many studies will be carried out in many areas, with music being easily accessible and therapeutic treatment by its experts.

A STUDY ON ANTONÍN DVOŘÁK’S “GYPSY SONGS OP.55” SONG CYCLE

Betül YARARDilan CAMIZCI — 2024-10-28

Gypsy Songs Op.55 lied series by one of the Romantic Period composers Antonin Dvořák (1841-1904) was analysed in this study. Antonin Dvořák, who was born in the Czech Republic, had created his own style by blending traditional Western European composition style with the Czech national music by using bohemian rhythms and national instruments. Written by the composer in 1880, "Gypsy Songs Op.55" is the most essential composition of Dvořák in the area of lied. Dvořák composed his lied series on seven poems of the Bohemian romantic poet Adolf Heyduk for the well-known former tenor in Vienna Gustav Walter to vocalize it. The lied series, which does not include the real gypsy melodies, effectively expresses the soul of Czech national music and the independent lifestyle of the Gypsies with its passionate and cheerful dance rhythms, vibrant vocal lines, and lively piano accompaniment. Firstly, the Romantic Period in which Dvořák lived is outlined, his life and music are explained, and the lied formations in the Romantic Period are conveyed in this study. Each song in the series was examined in terms of its meaning, and musical features with interpretative significance. Translations of the poems originally in German are included, and their connections with accompaniment and musical expressions are reviewed. In the research conducted with a descriptive method, the data obtained through scanning are presented and discussed in a wide range, including the text analysis of the works and vocalization features. This study aims to facilitate students and artists who want to study and learn A. Dvořák's "Gypsy Songs Op.55" Lied Series by revealing specific details that can contribute to their works as well as the literature.

EDUCATIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT IN INTERIOR DESIGN OF KINDERGARTENS AND MONTESSORI KINDERGARTENS

Hülya YAVUZ ÖDEN — 2024-10-28

Kindergartens are educational institutions that support the knowledge and skills of preschool children. In kindergartens in different education systems, areas are created according to the types of activities. In this period when perception and the environment are of great importance, spaces that will inspire children's imaginations should be designed. Children's creativity is supported by the visual language learned before verbal skills. In addition, safe furniture in the space allows children to move freely and gain a sense of responsibility. In addition to the mother tongue, it is possible to learn foreign languages in the pre-school period. Therefore, it can be ensured that the language is embedded in the memory with the visuals used in the space and the words in the foreign language supporting them. In this way, the relationship in the memory with the words in the learned foreign language is strengthened and the recall of the word becomes easier. This article aims to explore the space needs found in Montessori kindergartens and the modern designs created in today's schools. As a result, designing the dimensions of the furniture used in the space according to children ensures that children can move freely, implement their own decisions and receive an education without encountering obstacles. The kindergarten interior should be designed with an aesthetic harmony within a unity. Overmuch colors and toys cause a distraction for children. A more peaceful space is created with a sufficient number of colors and objects organized in order.

A CONCEPTUAL INVESTIGATION OF USER SATISFACTION IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Gökhan UŞMANazlı Ferah AKINCI — 2024-10-28

Dissatisfaction with environmental and physical conditions negatively affects the health, comfort and happiness of the users. For this reason, it is necessary to examine in detail what constitutes quality and satisfaction in the residential buildings where the users spend most of their time. There is a need for a much wider assessment in terms of user satisfaction, which is one of the most important factors in the architectural design process. The aim of this study is to determine the detailed determination of user satisfaction in residential buildings and to reveal the necessity of considering satisfaction indicators as a whole. Within the scope of the study, satisfaction indicators in existing academic studies on user satisfaction in residences were discussed and different opinions were evaluated. In addition, housing quality assessment tools developed in order to make satisfaction-based quality evaluations in houses were considered, and the satisfaction indicators of these tools were evaluated comparatively. Finally, the evaluation criteria of certified buildings, which are defined as buildings that provide healthy and productive environments for their users, were discussed, and the satisfaction indicators of certification systems were evaluated comparatively. It is anticipated that the satisfaction indicators discussed and evaluated in the study will be useful in improving the existing houses in the context of user satisfaction and in the future housing design process.

EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AND BURNOUT LEVELS OF JOB SATISFACTION OF UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES OF A MINING COMPANY

Mustafa GÜNAYDINEbru Emine ŞÜKÜROĞLU — 2024-10-28

There are serious risks related to health and safety in the working conditions where underground mining activities are carried out. In order to prevent these, it is necessary to carry out specific studies of the employees. Heavy working conditions, reduce stress, and work safety practices effectively increase the level of job satisfaction by making such arrangements with the reward system will reduce the risks that may occur. Therefore, a positive connection will be provided between the work-life balance of the employees. The aim of our work in this direction is to investigate the effect of general job satisfaction, internal satisfaction and external satisfaction of underground mine workers on Occupational Safety and health. In addition to these, comparisons were made about burnout levels. It consists of the criteria of participants' age, gender, marital status, whether you have a child, smoking, getting special training about their job and doing their job willingly. In our research Minnesota job satisfaction scale has been used. The scale consists of 20 items to measure internal and external satisfaction. The number of underground workers in a mining company operating in Gümüşhane is 162, and all of these employees were included in the study and 121 of them were evaluated. Data were collected in 2018. The general satisfaction level of the group does not show a normal distribution (p=0.048; p<0.05). While the job satisfaction levels of the study group decreased, their burnout levels increased (r=-0.353). Likewise, while the internal and external job satisfaction levels of the participants decrease, their burnout increases (r=-0.356 and r=-0.133, respectively). As a result, the decrease in job satisfaction levels creates serious risks in terms of occupational safety and health. Therefore, it causes employees to experience burnout and disrupt their work-life balance.

KIRKAĞAÇ RESUL ENSEZER MANSİON

Ali Murat AKTEMUR — 2024-10-28

Kırkağaç District of Manisa has been the scene of settlement since the early ages and the cosmopolitan lifestyle created by societies with different races and beliefs in the historical process brought along a multicolored cultural richness. This wealth is also reflected in housing and home architecture. The architectural elements of ancient traditions, whose roots date back to Ancient Greek and Roman architecture, have been combined with local architectural elements to create a residential architectural understanding that reflects an extremely rich variety and originality. The Neo-Classical and Neo-Baroque façade arrangements of Greek houses in an architectural understanding also affected the Turkish houses in the region visually and visual applications inspired by Greek houses were seen in Turkish houses during the same period. This effect is felt more in the facade architecture, not in the plan, as in Resul Ensezer Mansion.It is seen that bird figures are commonly used in the entrance pediment arch keystone, entrance iwan arch keystone, garden door lintel or arch keystone, sometimes in the part between the entrance iwan and roof canopy, but in any case at the house entrances. As seen in Resul Ensezer Mansion, it is understood that the bird figures embroidered in relief character are swallow and dove figures and the swallow and dove figures, which we encounter in both Turkish and Greek houses, are processed as symbols of fertility, hope and good news. The bird symbolizes the concepts of "fertility, good news, hope, friendship, peace, love" in both ancient Turkish and ancient Greek beliefs. Kırkağaç mansions and houses, which show a great richness and diversity in terms of plan, architecture and decoration, emerged as a result of the architectural traditions that date back to Ancient Greek and Roman architecture and the interaction of Turkish architectural traditions with local and multicolored demographic structure and interaction with different cultures. It represents a diverse unique architectural character. Resul Ensezer Mansion is an important representative of this unique architectural character in Kırkağaç mansions.

RELATION BETWEEN TURKISH CINEMA AND TURKISH TV SERIES

Arif Can GÜNGÖR — 2024-10-28

The period between 1960 and 1975 was the most characteristic period of Turkish cinema in terms of structural, technical, aesthetic, economic, intellectual and audience relations. This fruitful period is called the Golden Age of Turkish cinema. This period, which is characteristic of Turkish cinema and Turkish audience, has a decisive importance both in studies on Turkish cinema and in researches on television series. In the first parts of this article, the "audience-centered" production structure of Turkish cinema in the period 1960-1975 and the effect of this structure on the content of the films are presented. Then, its impact on the production and narrative of domestic serials in television channels since 1975; production is discussed in the context of the audience relationship and the reflection of this relationship on the content. Literature review method was used in the research and written sources related to the subject were used. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that there are similarities and contrasts between Turkish TV series and Turkish cinema between 1960-1975. The similarities are the traits arising from the traditional culture and cruise tradition that are in the common consciousness of the audience. It has been determined that the differences are due to the social, cultural, technical and aesthetic change experienced in our country after 1980, creating a new audience model. Especially the contents formed in the context of " consumption culture" have become the most important motif in domestic TV series. Nevertheless, the tradition of navigating the Turkish people's deep life culture, oriental, traditional anonymous way of expression and mentality will show its reflection in the most foreign ways in the future.

THE IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON THE OTTOMAN ECONOMY AND ITS REFLECTIONS ON THE ECONOMIC POLICIES OF THE REPUBLIC PERIOD (1876-1938)

Bahattin KELEŞ — 2024-10-28

The industrial revolution, emerged in England in the eighteenth century and affected the neighbouring countries since the first half of the nineteenth century, greatly affected the countries with non-developed industries. The industrial revolution, emerged in Europe strongly demonstrated the existence of a trade flow from the centre to the periphery, and it first began to affect the Ottoman Empire, India and China. The Ottoman Empire could not keep up with this industrial revolution and upon the Treaty of Balta Limani, signed with England in 1838, it became an open market for European countries. The European countries, which started mass production with the industrial revolution and produced the products that they produced cheaply, were selling these goods with very low customs in the Ottoman country and earning great revenues. Although the Ottoman enacted the Law for the Encouragement of Industry over time, this decline and collapse continued due to reasons such as the ongoing management of the manufacturing industry with classical methods, lack of qualified personnel and low quality in production. When Atatürk founded the Republic, he attached great importance to industrialization in order to further improve the economic structure that he took over from the Ottoman Empire. The private sector was supported, even partially, with the industrial policies implemented in the Atatürk period. By the Izmir Economy Congress held in 1923, new breakthroughs and targets in the economy were determined and the way for economic development was paved by working accordingly. New factories were established in many parts of the country and the support of the private sector was also sought.

THE PHENOMENON OF SOLIDARITY ON SOCIAL MEDIA AFTER ÖZGECAN ASLAN MURDER

Feridun NİZAMŞengül HUZZİYAS — 2024-10-28

In the 21st century, which is called the communication age, technology and internet development have accelerated. These developments have greatly influenced, developed and transformed the individual and society. Developments have changed the way the individual communicates, his life and social outlook. While transforming the world into a smaller structure, it also brought innovations in the perspective of social events. Today, while communication styles continue to develop in line with the opportunities offered, individuals' participation in social events and reaction methods are also changing. Nowadays, when social media is in its golden age, people participate and react to social events from this channel. This study aims to reveal the solidarity phenomenon in social media after Özgecan Aslan's murder. Mixed method was used in the study. An online survey was applied to 500 people using Facebook and the Facebook account opened in the name of Özgecan Aslan was analyzed by content analysis technique. As a result, it was determined that after the murder of Özgecan Aslan, solidarity took place on social media, and reactions and demands against the incident were expressed through social media.

COMPARISON OF R&D AND INNOVATION PERFORMANCES BASED ON THE INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM OF THE PROVINCES WITH PROMETHEE METHOD

Abdulvahap YOĞUNLUYusuf Cemalettin ÇOPUROĞLU — 2024-10-28

Resarch and Development (R&D) and innovation activities, which technology and knowledge-based innovative products and services are revealed, have recently been among the most important agendas of countries and local administrations. The phenomenon of R&D and innovation arises and develops in a suitable environment and content like a living organism. The phenomenon of R&D and innovation takes place within the framework of a system that includes social, economic and cultural structures, supporting institutions and its relationship with relevant local and national actors. This complex, multi-dimensional, multi-actor and continuous interaction system is expressed as an innovation ecosystem. The innovation ecosystem, which determines the life quality of R&D and innovation phenomena, is considered as the main factor of not working in this context. This study basically aims to reveal the R&D and Innovation Performance Index of the provinces, which can enable the evaluation of the R&D and innovation performances of the provinces and compare the performances of the provinces in this field, based on the concept of innovation ecosystem. At this point, in our study, a data set consisting of six criteria was created based on the innovation ecosystem approach that determines the R&D and innovation life qualities of the provinces. Six criteria determined to analyze the R&D and innovation performances of the provinces were evaluated using the Multi-Criteria Decision Making Techniques Entropy and PROMETHEE methods and R&D and Innovation Performance Index was created for 81 provinces.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD FIGURED GUTTERS IN ANATOLIAN TURKISH ARCHITECTUR

Fatmagül SAKLAVCI — 2024-10-28

The figures, which started to be seen in the nomadic communities in the Central Asian steppes, spread to Asia Minor and Central Europe, and were depicted in Central and Inner Asia in pre-Islam times and became a style. With the spread of Islam and the migration of the Turks to Anatolia, the figures used as decoration elements in various arts such as architecture, miniature and tile were also used in gutter, bearing the traces of past beliefs. In the Anatolian Seljuk architecture, lion, dragon, sheep / ram, human and horse figures were engraved on the gutters in the buildings. The most common figure in gutter designs is the lion. The lion figure represents the positive side in opposing concepts such as good-evil, light-dark, bravery-cowardice, it is considered to be of heavenly origin and it is believed to come from itself. The dragon figure, which represents water resources, rain clouds and is an astrological element in Turks living in the east of Central Asia, is the symbol of water, abundance, fertility and rebirth as in Turkish Chinese mythology. Aries and sheep are usually the symbols of calmness, peace, abundance and fertility after Islam, and the ram is a symbol of strength, power and courage. It was used as a talisman and protector in the form of masks, busts and rosettes in stone decorations of the Anatolian Seljuk period. The horse, an important figure in Turkish culture, is the name of a year in the Turkish calendar with a zodiac and twelve animals. These figures, which take place in Turkish Islamic art, continued to bear the traces of different cultures before Islam, with some innovations. These spiritual meanings, which Islamic beliefs attribute to water and thus to the water flowing from the gutters, combined with the symbolic meanings of the figures and took shape in the gutters. Until today, most of the gutters have been damaged and their replicas have been placed in their places.

FORESTRY POLICY IN OTTOMAN MAGAZINES (1914-1918): OPINIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, CRITICISMS

Irmak KARABULUT — 2024-10-28

In the Ottoman Empire, changes and transitions were witnessed in forestry policy as in many other areas in the 19th and 20th centuries; steps were taken to initiate legalization movements, to bring in foreign experts, to embark schooling studies. The efforts to form a forest policy and the reform process continued during the First World War, and the forest issue was also embraced by the Ottoman public in parallel with the reform process. During the Second Constitutional Monarchy, the forest issue took its place in these magazines, albeit limited, with the increase of the magazines on economic policies and professional publishing, and increased its weight during the First World War. Not only professional and technical issues were covered in the magazines of the period. When the articles on the forestry issue are examined, many articles were found about how to benefit from forests in a more qualified way, how to increase the financial gain from forests, the shortcomings of the improvements made up to the present period, how to eliminate these shortcomings, the extent of forest destruction, how to prevent this destruction, and what has been done in the field of forestry in other countries. While some of these articles were written by experts who also undertook administrative duties in forestry, some of them were included in the columns by the important writers of the period. In our study, in which we aim to discuss how forest policy and forest issues were reflected in Ottoman magazines during the First World War, and address the opinions, suggestions and criticisms of the writers on forestry policies, we utilized İktisadiyat Mecmuası, Orman Mekteb-i Alisi Mecmuası, Müdafaa-i Maliye ve İktisadiye Gazetesi, Tedrisat Mecmuası, Ticaret-i Umumiye Mecmuası and Polis Mecmuası. In addition, we benefited from research works on the subject in order to follow the developments in the field of forestry and the reform process.

TIMAR-HOLDERS IN THE FORTRESSES OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN THE SECOND-HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY

Okan GÜVEN — 2024-10-28

Which it is often mentioned together eventhough it is seperate from it in some respects Bosnia and the region of Herzegovina symbolized a place of supernumerary, in terms of forts and similar structures for the political organizations that had held them throughout history. These structures with their small-medium and large capacity and other elements, have been the subject of a significant diversity not only in terms of architecture, but also with their personnel. Of course, the subject matter about this diversity does not only concern garrison quantities. In addition to a functional difference, it is obvious that these personnel are subject to a distinction in terms of how they paid. This study was revealed as a result of the examination of Timar Ruznâmçe registrations and other retail documents in the archives. For this reason the focus of the study is the people inside rather than fortress’, who earn their income from the timars. Obtaining revenues from timars is a problem in direct proportion to geography. Thus the Ottomans formed these structures in the place where the military’s pulse beat. The prominence of geography and the aforementioned salary intake is an issue that has directly effected to the forts. However, although the study directly concerns the fortress personnel, both the soldiers and forts took their share from working in different lands. Therefore, it has been tried to draw attention to the geographical conditions when both elements, namely forts and the people living in them, are mentioned.

ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL BRANDS’ ADVERTISING FILMS BY SEMIOTICS METHOD AND PUT FORTH OF MIXED ADVERTISING

Hasan Malik AYDINER — 2024-10-28

In the world advertising literature, in scientific and academic sources, in terms of the basis of the message, advertisements are divided into two category as factual/rational and emotional. As potential consumers tend to buy faster due to the pleasures and impulses that perceived in emotional advertisements, emotional advertising are increasing gradually in the sector. In some advertisements, it is seen that both cases are used together. However, although there are samples in which both cases are jointly used in the same advertisement, when this distinction is examined in the literature, only factual and emotional distinction is made and a third category is not included. In this context, the intention of the study is to bring a new category to the literature with the name "Karma". In this aim, from all those which are international brand evaluation and rating organizations; Interbrand, BrandZ, and Brand Finance and their published list by in 2019 were examined and one of the top ranked brand. In these lists, the values created by all world brands are listed as value in dollars basis. which is common to all of them was selected by purposeful sampling method. Sample advertisement videos of this brand which were obtained from secondary data sources through digital literature scanning and analyzed by semiotic analysis method. Ultimately, it has been tried to prove that mixed advertising is also present in the sector in addition to factual and emotional advertising. In the study, firstly the conceptual framework was mentioned and then the video ads of the brand selected with the purposeful sampling method were examined. As a result, it was determined and proved that the mixed method was applied and that it was present in the sector, and it was deemed appropriate to introduce this phenomenon to the international literature.

THE ROUSSEAUIAN ROOTS OF MONTESSORI EDUCATION METHOD

Ismahan ÖZDEMİR YAZGAN — 2024-10-28

In this study, the effect of the French philosopher Jean-Jacquez Rousseau, whose name is mentioned a lot in educational philosophy, on the Montessori education method established by Maria Montessori and named after her will be examined. Rousseau’s famous book Emile contains a detailed explanation on the goal and function of the education. Sometimes, his approach to education caused very significant discussions and sometimes it was a source of inspiration. Maria Montessori, who is also known as Italy’s first female doctor was one of the names who was affected from his opinion in a positive way. Montessori examines the issue of education considered as helping hand approach to life from a wide perspective thanks to her education in medicine, philosophy and anthropology. In this way, she presents a more systematic and scientific based education model. On the other hand, Rousseau prefers to act according to the natural course and uses his own observations rather than being systematic in the strictest sense of the world. It is a fact that he was heavily criticized for this preference. Even though Rousseau and Maria Montessori’s ideas on the education field bring a lot of debate, the effect of both names in pedagogy cannot be ignored. However, it can be noted that Rousseau’s ideas in the field stayed only as an education design or a comment made on education. Unlike Rousseau, it is seen that Maria Montessori’s ideas were adopted in many countries and a lot of educational institutions were established in the direction of this idea. Although there is such a difference between them in the concrete field, their starting points and some of their imaginations in the field of education are similar. These similarities in the direction of a conceptual frame will be addressed in the study. Thus, Rousseau’s influence on Maria Montessori will be examined and it will be concluded that he wrote more than a novel in the field of education.

USING STORYTELLING IN ADVERTISEMENTS AS A BRAND COMMUNICATION TOOL AND EXAMINING THE ADVERTISEMENTS OF THE MEMBERS OF BİRLEŞMİŞ MARKALAR DERNEĞİ IN THIS FRAMEWORK

Orhan DUMAN — 2024-10-28

As a requirement of human nature, storytelling is an important part of social life. Businesses that are aware of this are making an effort to build their brands through narrative ads. Since there are various ways and elements of storytelling, trademarks can reach their target audiences more effectively by producing storyized ads and messages using these ways and elements. In this exploratory study, the meaning of the concepts of story and storytelling in the literature and some effects arising from storytelling are reviewed, the websites and social media accounts of 167 members of the Birleşmiş Markalar Derneği (BMD) are analyzed separately in terms of features and elements. For this reason, content analysis was used to evaluate brands according to their storytelling usage, and it was determined that 57 of 167 brands' websites were using storytelling elements. Then, the stories were divided into four different groups by performing a two-stage clustering analysis, and the differences and similarities of these groups from each other were evaluated. According to the results, it was found that the authenticity, conciseness and reversal that should be in a good story are seen in most of the storyized brand advertisements, but the humor element is used less frequently. In addition, the ordinary man and hero archetypes are used more frequently in the advertisements of BMD member brands, and the presence of various storylines in the advertisements draws attention. As a result of the evaluations, it is determined that storytelling is not used by many BMD member brands, the reasons for this situation and suggestions for developing storytelled messages are discussed in the conclusion part of the research.

THE PERCEPTION OF CAREER BARRIERS AND GLASS CEILING SYNDROME OF FEMALE STAFF WORKING AT POSTAGE TELEGRAPH ORGANIZATION AŞ.

Serkan AYCİL — 2024-10-28

Although the concepts of career barriers and glass ceiling syndrome have been translated from western languages, it is a phenomenon frequently encountered in business life. Throughout history, women have assumed certain roles at every stage of business life. Over time, changes occurred in the social structure and women were quickly included in the labor market. The developments that have arisen due to social differentiation have brought some problems with them. The aim of this research is to try to determine the views of the female personnel working in Posta Telgraf Teşkilatı A.Ş. about career barriers and the perception of glass ceiling syndrome. This study was carried out with quantitative research methods. For the literature research, a document review was made and a conceptual framework was created. In the statistical study based on the questionnaire technique, the cross-sectional survey model was used. Data collection was carried out under the control of the researcher (on a digital platform). For this, questions were created in Google Docs format and transferred to digital media. Introductory information is also included in order to better understand the subject. Then, information was collected from volunteers who contributed to the research. The sample of the research consists of 242 female employees working in PTT centers on the European Side of Istanbul. According to the findings, “There are not enough women managers to be role models for women.” Judgment (3.81), “Business life in the institution is governed by the rules of men.” Judgment (3.55), "Men are offered more opportunities and possibilities in their career advancement." For this reason, Rule (3.78) states that "Female employees work harder than men and wait longer to advance in their profession". (3.78), his reasoning improved. It has been concluded that the concept of glass ceiling syndrome is effective in all complex applications that are frequently encountered in business life and that negatively affect women's career plans, which are difficult to overcome and require patience.

SOCIAL EMOTIONAL LEARNING SKILLS FROM SECONDARY EDUCATION TEACHERS: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY

Cihan KILIÇBünyamin BAVLI — 2024-10-28

In this study, it is aimed to create various meanings of the concept of Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) from the eyes of teachers working at secondary education level and to determine their awareness about this concept. The research is a qualitative research and was carried out with a phenomenology pattern. 17 teachers from the Marmara region, working in secondary education, with various branches, participated in the research. The data of the research were obtained by conducting one-to-one semi-structured interviews with 5 of the participants and two different focus group interviews with the other participants. With the data collection tool developed and validated by the researchers, questions about the concept of Social Emotional Learning were directed to the participants. In this framework, the knowledge and awareness of the participants about the concept of Social Emotional Learning was examined and their opinions were taken about their application at secondary education level. In addition, the importance of Social Emotional Learning and its availability in current students and educational environments were discussed. In the research findings; that most of the participating teachers do not have knowledge and awareness about Social Emotional Learning, that the concept of Social Emotional Learning is an important concept in the context of secondary school students and should be gained; It has been stated that it should be taught in schools and that it is lacking in high school students in the current situation. In addition, findings on what can be done in educational environments, together with what requirements must be met in the process of teaching Social Emotional Learning skills to secondary school students, were obtained. According to the results obtained, it was concluded that SEL skills are skills that can be taught to secondary school students, and suggestions were made within this framework.

Resul Köse, Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’da Devletin Şefkatli Yüzü (1923-1960), Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara 2021, p. 417, ISBN: 978-625-7358-96-5

Akif ÇARKÇI — 2024-10-28

THE STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE BY ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO, ENGLAND, 1886. APOLLONIAN AND DIONYSIAN DICHOTOMY: THE STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE

Berrin DEMİR — 2024-10-28

The aim of the study is to introduce The Story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson through Apollonian and Dionysian Dichotomy which is expressed in the work of Nietzsche named The Birth of Tragedy. That two personalities exist in one body is explained by the features of two Greek deities, Apollon and Dionysus, whose features are totally different from each other. They symbolize the dichotomy in life as well as the divided personality. He connotes these notions with mythological figures, particularly with Greek Gods. He states that the development of art is based on the dichotomy of Apollon and Dionysus. The basic features of them are attributed to dominant and marginalized powers in the society, successively. This review will not just give a summary or plot of the story but handles the theme of dichotomy and sheds light on the fact that literature works as a mechanism balancing between hegemonic powers of the system and the marginalized matters of the society. That is not right to say that life is made up of those dilemmas or to accept their existence. What is the significant matter is to interrelate systematical phenomenons within the dichotomic relations and restrained ones, and to provide them to coexist even they are not homogenous.