The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, Year 2021 Issue Year: 14 - Number: 87

THE EFFECT OF STUDENTS' MOTIVATION FOR SCIENCE LEARNING ON PARTICIPATION IN DISTANCE EDUCATION AND SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PERIOD

Hatice GÜZEL — 2024-10-28

The COVID-19 pandemic, which has affected the whole world and continues to spread despite the measures taken, has brought along many problems in the field of education as well as in every field.In this period, as in all countries, Turkey also switched from formal education to distance education. This research is conducted to determine the relationship between the motivation of middle school students towards science learning and their participation in distance education, and their science achievement and grade level variables during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The study group of the research consists of middle school students studying in different schools. Relational screening model was used in the research. The “Motivation Scale for Science Learning” adapted into Turkish by Yılmaz and Huyugüzel Çavaş (2007) was used as the data collection tool. The approval of the Ethics Committee of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University was obtained in accordance with the decision numbered 09-2021/159, dated 07.10.2021, in order to collect the data of the research. The data were collected via “Google drive” and analysed using the SPSS statistical package program. In the analysis of the data, percentage and frequency distributions were calculated for descriptive statistics. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyse the relationship between variables, and One Way ANOVA analysis was used to analyse the difference between groups. According to the research findings, it is determined that the students' motivation levels for science learning were at a good level during the COVID-19 pandemic, while the Active Learning Strategies sub-dimension scores of the Motivational Scale for Science were at the highest level. It is observed that there is a positive relationship between students' motivation levels for science learning, their participation in distance education courses and their science achievement. In addition, it is concluded that as the grade levels of the students increase, their motivation levels for science learning decrease.

INVESTIGATION OF WRITING ACTIVITIES IN THE 8TH GRADE TURKISH TEXTBOOK OF SECONDARY SCHOOL

Niymet BAHŞİ — 2024-10-28

Textbooks and the activity studies included in these books are among the materials frequently used by teachers in order to achieve the goals set in their lessons. In this direction, in this study carried out with a qualitative research approach, document analysis was carried out. The writing activities in the designated book were analyzed with the descriptive analysis technique. The writing activities in the book were examined in accordance with 3 purposes: "achievement", "process-based writing stages" and "activities that do not provide information about the type of text". As a result of the research, it was determined that the 5 acquisitions were not included in the activities in the 8th grade Turkish textbook of secondary school. In addition, the activities in the book were examined in terms of the stages of process-based writing. As a result of the research, it was determined that activities containing instructions for the preparation and correction phase were mostly included. It has been determined that there are 1 activities for the draft stage and 3 activities with instructions for the publishing stage. In addition, it was determined in the study that there was no guidance for text type in 4 activities and the choice of text type was left to the student's choice or the teacher's guidance.

AN EXAMINATION OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN POSTGRADUATE THESES IN THE FIELD OF SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHING

Muhammed Kürşat ÖKSÜZOĞLUYaşar ÇELİKKOL — 2024-10-28

The aim of this study is to examine the alternative methods and techniques that are subject to post-graduate studies in the field of Social Studies Education in Turkey between the years 2000-2019 in terms of different variables. Qualitative research method was used in the present study and data were obtained using document analysis. Within the scope of this study, 284 graduate theses on alternative methods and techniques in social studies teaching and with access permission were examined with the review performed in the National Thesis Center database of the Higher Education Council. The obtained data were analyzed using content analysis method. Graduate theses within the scope of the research were categorized according to their methods and techniques, years, graduate levels, universities and institutes, research methods, research designs, data collection tools, sample groups and sample size. The findings are presented in tables by subtracting frequency (f) and percentages (%). As a result of the research, it was seen that the most studied subject in the field of alternative methods and techniques in social studies teaching between 2000-2019 was "teaching social studies with oral and written literature products". It was also found that "computer-assisted social studies teaching" and "social studies teaching with inverted learning" was frequently preferred by researchers in recent years. In addition, it was observed that the examined theses were mostly conducted in 2019. Of the 284 graduate theses examined within the scope of this study, 219 (77%) were found to be master's theses, and 65 (22%) were doctoral dissertations. The examination according to universities and institutes showed that the greatest number of thesis was made in Gazi University, Graduate School of Educational Sciences.

EXAMİNATİON OF İLLUSTRATED CHİLDREN'S BOOKS OF PRESCHOOL PERİOD İN TERMS OF PİCTORİAL CHARACTERİSTİCS: A MİXED METHOD RESEARCH

Aysun YEŞİLTEPESelma TAŞKESEN ,Yasemin GÜL — 2024-10-28

Picture children's books are books specially prepared for early childhood and are the first examples of children's literature. It is a species that has the potential to support all developmental areas that preschool children may need. The purpose of this study is to focus on the proficiency levels of the illustrations in the best selling preschool illustrated children's books on online book sales sites. The research was conducted with field experts from preschool teachers and art educators. Turan, Gönen and Aydos, (2017) used a “checklist of the physical, content and features of painting that should be found in qualified Picture Story Books” pictorial features checklist as a data collection tool. The collected data was analyzed using the spss 2.00 program. The paintings of the books were evaluated according to the criteria created by 3 field art educators. The evaluation of art educator field experts was analyzed by content analysis. The sample of the study consists of 18 preschool illustrated children's books that are best sold on 5 online book sales sites in 2019. The method is a sequential researcher design model from a mixture research model. According to the results of the study, 50% of the books were found to be suitable for the development of preschool children. It was observed that qualitative and quantitative data overlap and the studies support each other when compared to the evaluations of art educator field experts and preschool teachers.

EXAMINATION OF CURRICULUM LITERACY PHENOMENON FROM THE EYES OF TEACHER EDUCATORS

Serdar ERDEMBanu YÜCEL TOY — 2024-10-28

The aim of this research is to reveal how the teacher educators, who are faculty members in the field of Curriculum and Instruction, define and interpret the curriculum literacy phenomenon and to reveal their views on curriculum literacy competencies of teachers. Phenomenology, one of the qualitative research methods, was used as research method. The participant group of the research consisted of thirteen teacher educators who were determined by convenient sampling method and working in the field of Curriculum and Instruction departments at seven different universities. The data were collected by in-depth interview technique. A semi-structured interview form prepared by researchers was used as data collection tool. Content analysis method was used to analyze the qualitative data obtained from the interviews. In the data analysis process, the codes were identified first, then the codes were collected under certain categories and finally the themes were identified. According to the results of the research, the data were collected under four themes: definition of curriculum literacy, components of curriculum literacy, indicators of curriculum literacy and reasons of teachers’ curriculum literacy incompetency. According to the research results, definition of curriculum literacy could be examined under four categories: knowing the curriculum, understanding the curriculum, implementing the curriculum and analyzing the curriculum. Objective, content, learning experiences, evaluation, reading/writing, field competence could be thought as components of curriculum literacy. Curriculum literacy indicators could be grouped under the categories of knowing the curriculum, understanding the curriculum, implementing the curriculum, analyzing the curriculum and professional development. Finally, teacher-related, teacher-training and management-related reasons could be listed as reasons for teachers' curriculum literacy incompetency.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ADULT EDUCATION IN TURKEY: A META-SYNTHESIS STUDY (2004-2020)

Tuğçe BAYKALCenk AKAY — 2024-10-28

Individuals who graduate from formal education institutions or cannot complete their formal education need to improve themselves in order to keep up with the changing living conditions as the world evolves into the technology and information age, and life-long education is a compulsory process for this. In this process, institutions that carry out adult education activities complete the greatest support.It is known that adults constitute the majority of the world's population and it is seen that adult education is of great importance for the welfare of societies.In order for the adult education process in our country to be more qualified and effective, it is necessary to recognize the problems experienced in adult education and to develop solutions. The purpose of this study in the meta-synthesis methods in Turkey encountered in the field of adult education problems and solutions of these problems learn to interpret the findings of a qualitative study of the proposals and to discuss issues. As a result of this meta synthesis research; The themes of "income and lack of equipment problems", "educator problems", "methodological problems", "participant problems", "administrative problems", "supervision problems" were determined. It was also stated that there are many reasons for these problems and what these reasons could be.

HIKMET BIRAND AS THE PIONEER OF ANIMAL STUDIES IN TURKEY: HORSES AS CHARACTERS IN HIKMET BIRAND’S NATURE-WRITING, “HORSES ON ASPHALT”

Fatma KALPAKLI — 2024-10-28

“Horses on Asphalt” in Hikmet Birand’s book, Anatolian Landscapes is written upon the request of the society for the prevention of cruelty to animals and it describes the life conditions of the horses in big cities, especially the struggles of the horses on asphalt, ineviable aspects of city life. In this nature writing text, “Horse on Asphalt”, Birand tries to raise consciousness about animal rights by underlining how human beings invade the habitats of animals with sprawling cities and how life becomes more and more difficult for animals in the modern times. Bearing this in mind, it can be suggested that in the nature writing text “Horse on Asphalt”, horses represent nature, whereas asphalt represents industrialization and modernization. In this text, Birand shares his memories, experiences and observations in relation to the horses in the Dışkapı region of Ankara with the readers. Meanwhile, he has a lot of empathy with the horses and he tries to give a voice to the horses’ feelings. Thus, in doing so, Birand might become one of the pioneers of the animal studies in Turkey, though animal studies is considered to be stemming from Peter Singer's book entitled Animal Liberation, written in 1975. Unfortunately, there is a lack of empathy and of understanding of the life conditions of the horses living in cities and this makes Birand unhappy and urges him to write about these issues. Therefore, Birand might even be considered to be the pioneer of animal studies in Turkey, before the term of animal studies coined in the world. Birand seems to be ahead of his time since he perceives horses as “not things to buy and sell, but as individuals, as characters”, who deserve respect and love in daily life. Thus, different perceptions of horses by different people and by Birand will be studied with reference to the nature writing text entitled “Horses on Asphalt” in Anatolian Landscapes and how Birand is beyond his time will be illustrated by giving examples from “Horses on Asphalt”.

A LIFE IN THE SHADOW OF A RELATIONSHIP: THE ANALYSIS OF MARI GEREKMEZYAN’S ILLNESS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF HER ART AND PERSONALITY

Öznur YEMEZ — 2024-10-28

This study examines one of Turkey’s first female sculptors, Mari Gerekmezyan of Armenian origin, in terms of her relationship with the famous Turkish poet and painter Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu and the tuberculosis she contracted. Within this context, Mari Gerekmezyan's long-term relationship with a married man who had a child led to her social exclusion and stigmatization as a female being as well as the deliberate and recurrent disregard of her identity as an aspiring artist and the influential works of art she produced. Torn between her art and her love for Eyüboğlu and giving up on neither, she became afflicted with tuberculosis due to the adverse life conditions and financial difficulties. Thus, her illness emerged as a bodily manifestation of her passionate love and was nourished by her neurotic character. The study analyses the metaphorical meanings of her illness and discusses her neurotic character with reference to Susan Sontag and Karen Horney. Although she was a very talented sculptor aiming to realize her potential, she mostly remained in the shadow of her lover and occasionally succumbed to her neurotic dilemmas. Her illness and personality are analysed with regard to the letter she penned before death and her affair with Eyüboğlu.

IN SADRI ERTEM’S WORK TITLED “CYLINDER HAT WEARING PEASANT” TRACES OF SOCIAL CRITERIA

Şükran KIRIK — 2024-10-28

Sadri Etem begins his literary career in the first years of the Republic on journalism. Subsequently, he integrates his profession with story and novel authorship. He serves to Turkish literature with his pen by raising young storytellers, carrying the painful process of his era (1898-1943) on his shoulders. He is aware of the society's scars as a journalist as well as a politician. The issues of people struggling with despairs in poverty and unemployment are an important theme in his stories. He critically expresses the inaccuracies and malpractices of the society, which is industrializing and developing rapidly on the road to modernization. He makes his pasquinades far from fictional and aesthetic concerns, through people on the platform of story arc. When describing the problems of the peasant and the urban people, it is noteworthy that the author makes definitions like someone, the other, the woman, the child instead of using a name for the individuals. In his stories, people come into being with contradictions like employee-employers, modern-primitive. It is possible to see that the elements like injustice, inequality, false perception of civilization and capital pressure shapes the author's world of ideas in his work "Silindir Şapka Giyen Köylü" just as in his all works. Here, the most important common point of the language of Ethem and the issues he deals with is being up-to-date. In his 1933 book titled Silindir Şapka Giyen Köylü", the author uses a simple, fluent and understandable language like written in this day and age. The common critical elements in his stories like distorted westernization, moral degeneration, superstition, and poverty are the things that describe today's human being. He usually uses the power of humor in the problems he wants to draw attention to in his stories, dominated by a pessimistic atmosphere. In this study, it is aimed to explain the human life problems' reflections in the multiple stories of the study within the scope of social criticism.

REFLECTION OF CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ON CULTURE AND ART

Asuman Aypek ARSLANBayram DAĞLI — 2024-10-28

In the world, environmental problems and climate changes occur due to human-induced reasons and it is seen that some serious consequences affect the whole world. These changes, focused on production and consumption, also affect humanity itself. Societies are affected socially, physically and psychologically in the face of these changes that they are not ready for. These changes, which directly affect societies and their cultures, bring with them negative transformations. It is predicted that humanity will face extinction if the necessary precautions are not taken. For this reason, it is necessary to make a new perception regulation regarding environmental degradation and climate change in all societies. In this context, the article; by addressing the complex effects of environmental degradation and climate changes on countries, societies and cultures, the works of artists to raise awareness about nature, both individually and in interaction with other branches of science, and to improve existing degraded environments in the face of negative changes that concern all humanity were examined. The research is a descriptive study among qualitative research. In this direction, the findings of the research were created by scanning written and visual sources. In the 20th and 21st centuries, it has been seen that climate and environmental changes directly affect individuals, societies and cultures, and artists undertake a confronting, informing and restoring mission in the face of these changes that affect the world. In the research; It has been concluded that the artists successfully reflect this situation with the projects and practices they have put forward against climate and environmental changes.

ANCIENT MEDICINE PRACTICES IN ANATOLIA, BIRTH OF MUSIC THERAPY and THE IMPORTANCE OF ASCLEPIONS – THE EXAMPLE OF AIGEAI

Emine Ceylan ÜNAL AKBULUT — 2024-10-28

Since the beginning of mankind, especially communities living in Mesopotamia and Anatolia, have used herbs, various internal organs of animals, and spells to cure diseases.. After the Sumerians have invented writing, other cultures also adopted this new technology. Babylonians, Assyrians, Hittites have a significant effect on shaping today’s community life.Likewise, Shamans healing sick people by using various herbs as incense have been recorded as the first medical efforts in history. The shamanic drum was crucial for spell rituals. It is a fact that the healing attempts made in Mesopotamia and Anatolia created a big demand for healing and this required building of asclepions, which are healing centers of that day. Asclepions were not only used for healing, but also for worshipping. There is recorded evidence that healing with medication as well as music has been used in these centers. This is why, the fact that the systematic treating of patients who come to asclepions with various musical instruments, including the sound of water, is an indicator that the methods we today call Music Therapy and Music Medicine have started back then. This study is explaining, by staying true to the nature and history, that the use of music as a healing method in the history wasn’t limited to one asclepion (Pergamon) or one civilization (Ancient Greek). As a result, it is set forth that studies were made on medicine and musical healing in Anatolia, beginning with Sumerians, which set up a base for later civilizations; and the foundations of Seljuk and Ottoman healing centers, even today’s Music Therapy and Music Medicine practices, were laid in Asclepions. It is underlined that the Aigeai Asklepieion in Yumurtalık, Adana possesses equal importance as the other sanctuaries built for the same purpose at that era.

AN EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT OF THE CITY OF AMASYA, TURKEY

Atlıhan Onat KARACALI — 2024-10-28

Aim of this study is to establish a research about the historic phases of the built environment of the city of Amasya, Turkey. For this purpose, first the overall historic and geographic knowledge about Amasya are going to be evaluated, and then, each period is going to be analyzed in detail. For geographic facts, Amasya was built on the narrow valley of the Yesilirmak River. This reality forced city to enlarge on North-South axis, as each East and West sides are occupied by ineligible high mountains. More, central river forced people to build plenty of bridges in each historic period as the city enlarges. In terms of historic facts, on the other hand, four major periods in urban Amasya are determined as follows: (I) Pontus-Rome-Byzantine period, (II) Danismends-Seljukid-Ilkhanid period, (III) Ottoman period, and (IV) Republic era. The prominent buildings of each period will be handled and interperiod relationships are going to be examined. As many cities discussed in scope history of architecture theme, also Amasya has myths, symbolic landmarks, recreational areas, public experiences, and recent governmental zone plans. More, some buildings were prepared for hidden purposes such as city defense or missionary goals. Some insights into why and how these buildings were erected are going to be pushed forward and some architectural critics are going to be judged in the final.

ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF CIRCULAR AND LINEAR TIME OF THE DRESSING AND FASHION PROCESS

Leyla KAYA DURMAZFatma KOÇ — 2024-10-28

The concept of time has been one of the important subjects of philosophy from past to present. Time is included in the experience and progresses to cultural accumulations. Philosophy of history approaches have revealed two different interpretations of history, these are; "cyclical time" and "linear time". The cyclical understanding of time, which began in Antiquity, turned into a linear understanding of time in the Middle Ages. Many philosophers have developed different perspectives on the cyclical or linear acceptance of time and it is still accepted as one of the controversial issues. The concept of time is important in the historical process of fashion, as in everything else. Many discussions about fashion, which is used as a trend that is accepted as a self-renewing changer and then obsolete, has been largely associated with the concept of "time". Even the idea of whether the works presented within the concept of fashion have a connection with art has been evaluated within the concept of time. In this study, in the historical process of fashion, the clothing features called "fashion" are analyzed in terms of cyclic time and linear time, which are accepted in Walter Benjamin's temporal experience. While evaluating the cases that repeat themselves in fashion history in terms of cyclical time, clothes that were one-time fashion and non-repeatable for linear time were included in the research. In this context, 5 designs that can be included in cyclic time definitions and 3 designs that can be included in linear time definitions are examined. As a result of the research, when it is evaluated in terms of the feature of always presenting and using the innovations that fashion offers to the society, it has been determined that it should preserve its linear feature in terms of time experience, but in line with the constraints of social tastes, habits and the limits of being different, it has been determined that the cyclical feature of time is used more. Considering the meaning of linear time, it is thought that it is inevitable that the clothes evaluated in this context can be discovered by a designer in the experience of time and interpreted in different ways, and that a "fashion" phenomenon that is considered in a linear context can be used in cyclical time.

AN ANALYSIS OF POSTGRADUATE THESES ON HARMONY IN TURKEY

Ozan BELGE — 2024-10-28

The aim of this research is to contribute to future studies by analyzing the postgraduate theses and dissertations written on Harmony in Turkey according to various variables. In the research, 54 full-text postgraduate theses have been analyzed using the document analysis technique out of 73 postgraduate theses written on music in the database of CoHE Thesis Center. Theses and dissertations are handled according to the type, university, institute, research model, subject and year they were written. According to the results of the research; 40 of the theses are master's degree thesis, 12 are doctoral dissertations and 2 are proficiency in art thesis. It was determined that the highest number of theses and dissertations were written in Gazi University, the most were studied in 2019. It was observed that thesis and dissertations were mostly prepared in Social Sciences and Educational Sciences Institutes, and the survey model was employed the most as the research model. As a subject, it is understood that the thesis about music education is mostly written. As it is thought that it will provide a source and perspective to the Harmony literature, it is suggested that studies in this type of research should be repeated and studies of examining the articles written about the Harmony should also be carried out.

ERZINCAN PROVINCE KEMALIYE DISTRICT APÇAĞA VILLAGE CARPETS

Nurten ÖZKARANaile Rengin OYMAN — 2024-10-28

Carpet weavings which is among our handicrafts that represents our almost extinct national culture, have started to lose its importance due to the effect of technology. Carpet which is woven in several regions of Anatolia, has become livelihood of villagers as well as woven to meet their own needs. The woven carpets draw attention both on being sturdy and the technic, design and vitality of colours.One of the important centers of carpet weaving is Kemaliye country and Apçağa village. ¼ reported design which is called corner core, botanical and geometrical compositions have usually taken place in the carpets woven in the region. The carpets are named as regional names such as flowery, rotating flowery (reported), pincers model, kedibastı and Hüseyin Efendi in the region. Wooden taunting benches have been used in Apçağa village and the device used to spin rope is called Eğik or Hıjman. As of the material used is hand spun woolen and the carpets which are cotton are woven using Iranian knot (Sine) and Gördes knot. .In this research, in accordance with the information given by source person and carpet weavers, has been conducted in order to introduce weavings in terms of color, pattern, technical and compositional features; that are used as ground rug, couch cover, tapestry, prayer rug which are woven in Kemaliye Apçağa village and is aimed to bring in to the literature. Datas collected on April of 2021, has been prepared in accordance with the information given by villagers, source person and carpet weavers. Their technical and designing features have been determined and drawn on computer in the light of information and datas received through oral interviews that are conducted with source persons.

THE QUALITY OF TWITTER POSTS AS A POLITICAL COMMUNICATION TOOL DURING THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC BY METROPOLITAN MAYORS

Yağmur KARADAĞİlknur AYDOĞDU KARAASLAN — 2024-10-28

The coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic process has brought along a whole range of changes both on local and global basis. The coronavirus pandemic which has the feature of being the most dangerous epidemic disease that had been encountered once in 100 years has unsettlingly devastated the economic, social, political and cultural life as well as the realm of health. Especially due to the epidemic in question, metropolitan mayors have started to actively use social media, and Twitter in particular, in order to carry out political communication activities, to communicate quickly and directly with the society and to receive feedback regarding the works performed and realized during the pandemic process. In order to identify all the needs of the society in the fastest way possible and to meet their needs during the pandemic period, metropolitan mayors use Twitter not only for sending messages, but also benefitting from the retweeting, replying mention and quoting features on the basis of the platform, as well as sharing visual elements such as pictures, photos, videos and referring to links for live broadcasts. In this study, 2.189 posts of Ekrem İmamoğlu, Mansur Yavaş, Alinur Aktaş, Fatma Şahin, Cengiz Ergün who serve as Istanbul, Ankara, Bursa, Gaziantep and Manisa Metropolitan Mayors between March 1, 2020 and April 30, 2020 on their official Twitter accounts when the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic process was the most talked about matter and took effect throughout Turkey were obtained through the “Workbenchdata” and what constitutes the characteristics of the shares in question, and the distribution of the shares containing visual elements were evaluated by subjecting them to content analysis. As a result of the research, Ekrem İmamoğlu, Mansur Yavaş, Alinur Aktaş, Fatma Şahin and Cengiz Ergün use Twitter as a political communication tool during the pandemic process. However, it has been revealed that the use of Twitter differs in terms of plain tweeting, retweeting, mentioning as a reply, quoting and sharing with visual elements, which are among the basic characteristics of Twitter.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OMBUDSMAN IN UNITED KINGDOM: A QUALITATIVE STUDY

Kadir Caner DOĞANKübra KAYA — 2024-10-28

Ombudsman is a phenomenon or concept that first emerged in Sweden in the 18th century. It spread rapidly around the world after World War II. This concept can be defined as an institution that receives complaints from citizens who suffer from mismanagement and human rights violations in a state and resolves them within the framework of a certain method. Among its basic features; It strengthens democracy and institutionalizes the rule of law. After the second half of the 20th century, its importance and position increased after the increase in the social state and public policies. After being influential in the Anglo-Saxon world, it expanded to all continents and political systems of the world. In UK, this institution was established by a law dated 1967. The establishment of the ombudsman here provided a model for the effectiveness and applicability of the institution in countries governed by a parliamentary democracy regime. It has presented a model in terms of the effectiveness and applicability of the institution in countries governed by a parliamentary democracy regime. In this study, a qualitative research based on the frequency analysis of some words in the 10 annual reports of the ombudsman between 2009-2019 was conducted in order to analyze the effectiveness of the ombudsman in UK. In the selection of the words, care was taken to include the concepts and facts that make an ombudsman an ombudsman within the framework of the relevant literature. After the qualitative analysis, it was concluded that the ombudsman carries out its activities effectively in UK. In UK, the cradle of parliamentary democracy, and the ombudsman, there is a close relationship between words such as parliament, public, deputies, rules and media.

OTTOMAN – GENOESE TRADE AND DIPLOMACY IN OTTOMAN ARCHIVE DOCUMENTS

Hüsnü YÜCEKAYA — 2024-10-28

The most critical turning point in Ottoman-Genoese relations was experienced after the conquest of Istanbul. Having lost its commercial advantages in Mediterranean ports against Venice before, Genoa also lost its enormous commercial periphery in the Black Sea after the conquest. Although Ottoman-Genoese diplomatic relations remained at a limited level, commercial relations continued at a certain level. However, this relationship is incomparable with the Ottoman-Venetian trade relations. In the 18th century, the insistence of the Genoese administration to establish a permanent residence embassy in the Ottoman center was reflected in the documents. It is evident that the initiative of the Genoese ambassadors in the Ottoman Empire was wide and the commercial diplomacy they carried out before the Ottoman administration was given importance. The Ottoman center took quick and practical decisions in solving the problems that would occur in trade. With the provisions written from the center, the customs officers were frequently instructed not to cause any difficulties to the merchants. In two documents, it was seen that the Genoese people were signed an ahidnâme on commercial relations and certificates providing tax advantages were given. It is understood that while Genoese merchants brought some textile products to the Ottoman Empire, they bought grain products from the Ottoman Empire. It is seen that the Genoese attach great importance to the purchase of grain, but very sharp restrictions were applied by the Ottoman administration in this regard. Until the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire mostly benefited from the Genoese engineering in shipbuilding technique. Since the 16th century, maritime city-states such as Venice and Genoa were affected by the influence of the great states in the Mediterranean, and they entered into alliance relations with these countries. Within the framework of these developments, Genoa also entered the French field of activity. The activities of Genoese merchants on behalf of France are mentioned in quite a number of documents.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS, PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS

Zühre İŞMARKahraman GÜLER — 2024-10-28

This study was carried out to measure the effects of early maladaptive schemas, which are formed by negative childhood experiences, on psychological resilience and psychological symptom levels in adults. The study was conducted with a total of 335 participants, whose age range was 18-61, 218 women and 117 men. Young Schema Abridged Form-3 was used to identify early maladaptive schemas, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale was used to measure resilience levels, Brief Symptom Inventory was used to identify psychological symptoms, and Demographic Information Form was used to obtain personal information of participants. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out with the SPSS 25 program. First, the normality test was applied and the kurtosis skewness values were checked. After the distribution of demographic information was made, the Pearson correlation test was applied to determine the relationships between groups with two or more variables. When the results were examined, it was determined that the relationship between the participants' early maladaptive schemas, psychological resilience levels and psychological symptoms was significant. As early maladaptive schemas gain strength, individuals' psychological resilience weakens. The relationship is inverse as expected. The most intense relationships; failure and nesting/dependency schema for perseverance and personal efficacy sub-dimension, nesting/dependency, failure and pessimism schemas for resistance to negativity, and emotional deprivation schema for spiritual (spiritual) tendency sub-dimension.

TURKEY’S OPENING TO LATIN AMERICA: THE CASE OF VENEZUELA

Hülya KINIK — 2024-10-28

In recent years, with the Justice and Development Party coming to power, Turkey has become an active player in the global arena, so that in several international perspectives while paying regard to its Western allies, it has high degree of independence in taking and carrying out its decisions. This has resulted in an intensification of Turkey’s foreign and economic policy partnerships with its neighboring countries as well as with previously overlooked regions. In this sense, Latin America and the Caribbean states have been considered as one of the key and very promising lines of Turkey’s foreign policy. This study aims to scrutinize Turkey’s opening policy in Latin America using the exapmle of Turkish Venezuelan partnership, which has been intensified and diversified as of 2016 after periods of recession and boom. Venezuela is one of the countries with which Turkey has established first diplomatic relations in the Latin America and the Caribbean region, Relations betwen Turkey and Venezuela which have stayed limited for many years mainly because of geographical distance, have gathered a new momentum on account of Turkey's opening policy towards the Latin America and Caribbean as well as mutual high-level visits in recent years. This intercontinental cooperation was reflected in the increasing of trade and economic relations, along with the deepening of diplomatic ties. In the study, the main emphasis is placed on the underlying key elements of this partnership between Turkey and Venezuela. The study reveals that the sudden partnership between Turkey and Venezuela is formed on the basis of struggling against common external challenges. The two states are both under sanctions and pressure by the United States even with a differentiating levels of severity; both economies are facing crisis moments. In this respect, these factors make contribution to the enhancement of economic relations between them on the basis of mutual advantage. The study concludes that the two states has made both material gains and received ideological support as a result of the flourishing relations in recent years.

THE EFFECT OF HUMAN FACTORS ON CLOSED BASIN LAKES: THE EXAMPLE OF LAKE VAN

Murat ERGİNYÜREKMehmet BOZKOYUN ,İrfan BAYTAR — 2024-10-28

Although many factors are effective in the formation of closed basin lakes in the world, landforms, land structure and climate factor are the the leading effective factors. Particularly, the semi-arid closed basin areas located in the inner parts of the middle beltlands are lower than their close surroundings, so their winter temperature averages are higher. The places in question have been sheltered places against cold air masses in the winter months due to both of the lakes in these areas and the surrounding mountains. For these reasons, those areas have been the most preferred areas throughout history. Closed basin areas in Turkey have been places where population is higher than their immediate surroundings since ancient historical times. Van Lake basin, is one of the oldest settlements in human history. The basin has been the cradle of many civilizations from the past to the present. One of these civilizations is the Urartians. Since the Urartians, the Lake Van basin has always been the preferred place compared to the immediate surroundings. As a matter of fact, Van, which is the largest city of the basin today, and its immediate surroundings hosted people from distantareas (for settlement purposes). The aim of this study is to examine the majör closed basins in the world in general and the Van Lake closed basin in particular. In addition, it is to reveal the course of lakes in these closed basins in human history and the effects of human factors on lake level changes.

INVESTIGATION OF HIGH SCHOOL 10TH GRADE STUDENTS' EPISTEMOLOGICAL VIEWS ON HISTORY

Ayben NALBANTOĞLU Ali Sinan BİLGİLİ — 2024-10-28

In this study, it was aimed to determine the epistemological views of high school 10th grade students towards history. Qualitative research approach was adopted in the research and the research was carried out with a case study design. Document analysis was used as a data collection method in the research. The study group of the research consists of 23 students studying in a 10th grade branch of Erzurum Türk Telekom Nurettin Topçu Social Sciences High School in the 2021-2022 academic year. In the research, in the context of determining the epistemological views of the students towards history firstly, determining how they define the concept of history; afterwards, it is aimed to determine the reasons for the differences in interpretation of a historical phenomenon and the views on the change of historical knowledge. In this context, how the students defined the concept of history was determined by an open-ended questionnaire developed for this purpose. The reasons for the differences in interpretation of the students about a historical phenomenon and the determination of their views on the change of historical knowledge were determined through a resource study titled "What is the Place of the Concept of Gaza in the Establishment of the Ottoman Principality?". The data obtained from the specified data collection tools were analyzed with the content analysis method. As a result of the analysis of the data, more than half of the students considered history to be equivalent to the past; it was understood that they explained the main reason for the differences in interpretation on a historical phenomenon (on the establishment of the Ottoman Principality) as "historians have different perspectives". As a result, it has been understood that the students' perceptions of the concept of history have a naive quality, their views on the reasons for the differences in interpretation of a historical phenomenon and the change of historical knowledge are at a developed level, although they have naive elements

THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN EDUCATION

Muhammet Ali ÖZERAli Murat KIRIK — 2024-10-28

Developments in information technologies have initiated a transformation and transformation in all areas of life in the 21st century. Communication opportunities have increased, working sectors have changed, human relations have been transformed and in short, the reflections of technology have been dominant in every aspect of life. The speed of technological developments gained a serious momentum and started to show itself in the field of education. Education has become an area where educational materials and operation change with the advancement of information technologies. While traditional education has an educational approach through printed publications, today's technological developments have allowed the transformation of education in all fields of visual, audio and written. In recent years, social media has been used with the development of internet technology in the field of educational technologies. Social media networks Networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have started to take part in the communication and sender-receiver coordination of people while communicating and communicating with their own social media. The interaction of education and social media has accelerated in recent years. Education has strengthened its relationship with social media in different channels. How the social media and education relationship will follow and questioning the different transformations of this process are important for the education and social media process. Significant signs that the relations between education and social media and the media will be different and stronger in the future are observed in more detail today. In this study, how the social media is used in the field of educational technologies was discussed and the scope of the study was supported by the field study conducted on university students.

THE EMERGENCE, DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIC PLANNING AND ITS EFFECT ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Oğuz UYAN — 2024-10-28

Management, which has existed since the existence of humanity, but whose importance as a science has just begun to be understood; It is expressed as "a process that includes all the efforts to direct a group of people towards determined goals and to ensure cooperation and coordination among them". Although the concept of strategy has begun to be used with military terminology, it is possible to trace the history of the concept back to the beginning of human life. At this point, strategy can find its place within the framework of the decisions that people take and implement by thinking. The strategic importance of human resources, which is the only distinguishing power in providing competitive advantage to businesses in the information age we live in, has never been such a central point. they have to make the right and critical decisions in order to ensure the quality of the services they provide and to achieve the quality in the services they provide. Therefore, it depends on the timely development of strategies for an institution to protect its existence and carry it to the future. The phenomenon of strategic planning is also a In a sense, it has emerged as a tool to solve these problems. In addition, in order for the concept of strategy to be formed, strategic thinking must also be included in the system. Therefore, in this article; In shaping the future of corporate governance, the necessity of applying strategic planning and related management approach in private and public institutions has been emphasized. Strategic thinking ability has been mentioned and an answer has been sought for the question of whether the relationship between strategic decision-makers and strategic thinking should be established in the context of systems thinking.

DETERMINING THE JOB SATISFACTION LEVELS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS TEACHERS (EXAMPLE OF GİRESUN)

Şevki KOLUKISACemal DEMİRPOLAT ,Tuğçe ÇALCALI — 2024-10-28

Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the job satisfaction of the Physical Education and Sports Teachers working in the Giresun Provincial Directorate of National Education. Materials and Methods: In order to collect data in the study, a scale form consisting of 2 parts was filled by the participants and applied. A total of 180 physical education and sports teachers, 144 male and 36 female, working in Giresun Provincial Directorate of National Education in the 2019-2020 academic year participated in the study. The scale used in the research consists of two parts. In the first part; A demographic information form (Appendix 2) developed by the researcher was used. In the second part, a 20-item 5-point Likert type Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale with 2 sub-dimensions (inner commitment and outer commitment) developed by Weiss, Davis, England, Lofquist (1967) and adapted to Turkish by Baycan (1985) was used to measure the job satisfaction of public employees. The Cronbach Alpha value of the scale was found to be 0.77. The obtained data were transferred to electronic media and subjected to various statistical analyzes using SPSS v22.0 statistical software for Microsoft Windows. Since the data showed normal distribution, t-test was applied in binary variables, and one-way anova test was performed in triple and more variables. Results: As a result of the analysis, no significant difference was found in the internal, external and general satisfaction scores of physical education and sports teachers according to the variables of gender, marital status, education level, school, place of work, age, monthly income and years of service. Conclusion: As a result of the research, there is no significant difference in the job satisfaction levels of physical education and sports teachers according to the variables of gender, marital status, education level, school, place of work, age, monthly income and years of service. However, it was determined that there was a numerical difference in the variable of the school he worked in. While the job satisfaction perceptions of the teachers working in primary schools were found numerically high, the job satisfaction of teachers working in high schools was found to be low numerically. As a matter of fact, it can be said that the job satisfaction levels of the physical education and sports teachers participating in this research are not a determining factor according to the mentioned variables.