The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, Year 2024 Issue Year: 17 - Number: 99

ANALYSIS OF THE ROUTINE AND NON-ROUTINE PROBLEM-SOLVING STATUS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Ayten Pınar BALMerve Buse OR — 2024-10-28

The aim of this research is to determine the routine and non-routine problem solving status of secondary school students and to examine them in terms of gender, grade level and mathematics achievement. The research is in relational screening and causal-comparison model. The sample of the study consists of a total of 430 students attending the sixth, seventh and eighth grades, determined by the homogeneous sampling method. In the research, a problem form consisting of routine and non-routine problems was used as a data collection tool. Data were analyzed using quantitative methods t test, ANOVA and pearson correlation analysis. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that students are more successful in routine problems than non-routine problems. Again, in the study, there was no significant difference between the students' ability to solve routine and non-routine problems and the gender variable; however, it has been concluded that it varies in the context of class level. Finally, it was revealed that there is a significant relationship between students' mathematics achievement and their ability to solve routine and non-routine problems. Accordingly, in the context of increasing the success of students in non-routine problems, it can be suggested that more time should be devoted to non-routine problem-solving activities in the classroom, teachers' awareness of this issue should be increased and this type of problems should be included more in mathematics textbooks.

EXAMINING SCHOOL ENGAGEMENT OF TRANSPORTED SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN TERMS OF VARIOUS VARIABLES

Filiz ARLIERSevil FİLİZ — 2024-10-28

School engagement is very important for achieving the goals of education. The highest level of the school engagement effects achievement, attending school, motivation, willingness to learning, obeying the school rules and other positive behaviours. Transported education is inevitable result to provide the equality of opportunity in education in Turkey. Todays, the number of the students who are transported is pretty much. Therefore, examining school engagement of the transported students becomes more of an issue. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to examine school engagement of transported secondary school students in terms of various variables. This study is a quantitative research. Relational screening model was used from general screening method from quantitative data. The research group consists of 198 (102 male-96 female) transported students who are studying in secondary schools in 2017-2018 education year. The students are different in terms of gender, class level and mother educational status. The 'Personal Information Form' prepared by the researcher was used to collect data about students’ gender, class level and mother educational status.‘’ School Engegement Scale’’ which was developed by Fredericks, Blumenfeld, Friedel ve Paris (2005) and was adapted in Turkish by Akın, Demirci, Sarıçam, Usta, Yalnız ve Yıldız (2013) was used to collect data about students’ school engagement. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by using SPSS 27.0 package program. Descriptive statistics, Independent T test, ANOVA analysis and LSD test were performed and analyzed. According to the results of the analysis, it was observed that there was a significant difference in the scores of transported secondary school students for school angagement according to gender and class level. It was observed that there wasn’t a significant difference in the scores of transported secondary school students for school angagement according to mother educational status.

DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION LEVELS OF SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHER CANDIDATES

Hatice KARIŞANHatice MEMİŞOĞLU — 2024-10-28

The main purpose of the research is to reveal the democratic participation level of social studies teacher candidates. In line with this main purpose, it was tried to determine whether there were any significant differences on democratic participation of social studies teacher candidates depending on factors which are university, gender, grade level, region of residence, residential area of the family, economic status of the family, father's education level, mother's education level and frequency of social media use. The survey model, one of the quantitative research method, was used in the research. Easily accessible case sampling was used to determine t he sample of the research. The sample of the research is composed of a total of 882 social studies teacher candidates who are 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4 th grade student at 2021 2022 academic year at Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Kastamonu University, Afyon Kocatepe University, Gazi University, Uludağ University, Sakarya University and Akdeniz University. The data of the research were obtained with the " Democratic Participation Scale " developed by Keçe and Dinç. In the phase of data analysis; “descriptive statistics”, "Kolmogorov Smirnov", "Shapiro Wilk", "Mann Whitney U" and "Kruskal Wallis H" tests were In all dimensions and subdimensions of the democratic participation scale; no valuable statistical difference was observed depending on factors which are region of residence, residential area of family, mothers's education level, father's education level. In some dimensions and sub dimensions of scale, it was concluded that there are significant statistical differences depending on factors which are uni versity, gender, grade, economic situation of family and frequency of social media use. Suggestions were made for further research which will and frequency of social media use. Suggestions were made for further research which will be conducted in line with the results of the study and for researchers who will conduct be conducted in line with the results of the study and for researchers who will conduct these researches.these researches.

REVIEW OF RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF PROGRAM LITERACY - A CONTENT ANALYSIS

Naciye AYNAS — 2024-10-28

In this research, it was aimed to examine the scientific studies carried out on curriculum literacy in Turkey between 2017 and 2023 using the content analysis method and to determine their trends. For this purpose, studies on program literacy; Their distribution in terms of types, years of publication, writing languages, purposes, methods, patterns, sample groups, sample numbers, sample selection methods, data collection tools and data analysis techniques were examined. According to the results obtained as a result of examining the studies covered within the scope of the research using the content analysis method; it was determined that the studies on program literacy were mostly carried out in the form of articles and were mostly published in 2023, and the studies were mostly written in Turkish. When the studies are examined in terms of their aims; It has been observed that the number of studies carried out for the purpose of determining the relationship is high, the quantitative method is mostly used as the method, and the "descriptive scanning model" is the most preferred design When the studies are examined in the context of participant characteristics, the data are mostly obtained from teachers as the sample group, the studies are conducted with a minimum number of people in the range of 0-99 and a maximum number of people in the range of 300-399, and the "easily accessible sampling" method is mostly used in sample selection. ; It was determined that scales were mostly used in collecting data. It was determined that relationship determination analyzes such as descriptive statistics, independent groups t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and correlation-regression were mostly used in the analysis of the data obtained in the studies.

EXAMINATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL ATTITUDES OF TEACHERS WORKING IN KAHRAMANMARAŞ AFTER THE SIXTH FEBRUARY EARTHQUAKES

UĞUR ZELYURTBaykal YARAŞ ,Ahmet KAYA — 2024-10-28

The aim of the study is to reveal the attitudes of teachers working in Kahramanmaraş towards the teaching profession after the February 6 earthquakes. This research was conducted with the survey model, one of the quantitative research methods. The population of the research consists of teachers working in preschool, primary school, secondary school and high school in the 2023-2024 academic year. The research sample consists of a total of 415 teachers selected from the universe using easily accessible case sampling. The data of the research were collected using the "Teachers' Attitude Scale towards the Teaching Profession" developed by Ünişen and Demirel (2018). In the study, the data collected from the scale of teachers' attitude levels towards the teaching profession were analyzed using the Jamovi 2.3.28 program. Parametric tests were used in the research because teachers' attitude levels towards the teaching profession generally showed a normal distribution in the sub-dimensions and homogeneity was achieved. As a result of the research, it was determined that the participants' attitude levels towards the teaching profession were at a "high" level. As a result of the study, it was determined that the attitudes of the participants towards the teaching profession of the teachers working in Kahramanmaraş after the February 6 Earthquakes were at a "high" level. When teachers' attitude levels towards the teaching profession are evaluated in terms of age variable, there is a significant difference in the dimensions of appreciation and professional burnout; It was revealed that there was no significant difference in the dimensions of indifference and openness to professional development. At the end of the research, it was concluded that there was no statistically significant difference between teachers' attitude levels towards the teaching profession and marital status and branch variables. At the end of the research, it was determined that the attitude levels of the participants towards the teaching profession differed statistically significantly in terms of professional burnout and apathy according to the professional seniority variable. It was concluded that there was no significant difference in the dimensions of valuing and openness to professional development. In the research, it was suggested to open seminars, in-service training and courses for teachers in order to increase the attitudes of the participants towards the teaching profession.

AN ARCHETYPOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE IMAGE OF TREE IN TURKISH AND CELTIC MYTHS

Medine SİVRİDamla ÖTENKUŞ — 2024-10-28

Since the beginning, myths hold a significant place in our lives and as creations of our imagination, myths, stories, tales and legends function as a weapon that we use just to get away from the troubles of life. Human imagination personifies these difficulties as the monsters we always encounter in the mythic narratives and creates a powerful hero to fight them. That’s why, we cannot throw these narratives away as insignificant pieces told just for fun, instead, they mirror our ontological troubles. This research of imaginary aims to compare and contrast the image of the tree both in Turkish and Celtic myths with the approach of Gilbert Durand’s archetypology. Our purpose is to demonstrate what the image of the tree means both in Turkish and Celtic folkloric imaginary and how it expresses the deepest desires within. For that, we identify six common themes including mother, boughs and sceptres, the transformation of a human into a tree, world tree, cosmic totalisation and human-tree. Depending on these themes we find that the main desires are running away from the struggles of life, controlling the future as moving forward ceaselessly and reaching up to the sky. Although they seem to be conflicting, the image of tree gathers them together in perfect harmony. The answer to the question as to why the tree is such a common image can be seen as follows: the tree’s reaching up to the sky, to the gods’ dwelling; seasonal changes recalling the life-death circle; the similarity between a human and a tree. Consequently, the tree is considered by humanity as a principal symbol of life rather than a simple part of nature.

NEGATIVES OF WAR IN JEAN ECHENOZ'S NOVEL 1914

Tülünay DALAK — 2024-10-28

Contemporary French novelist Jean Echenoz takes the reader to World War I in his novel 1914. The work makes reference to all wars. Echenoz once again underlines the kind of brutality and cruelty that governments expose people by making them go through a war, which reveals man's greed and cruelty. While the author shows the ugly face of war, he also includes ordinary life. The novel's aim is to confront the political, economic, social and psychological realities of war and to demonstrate the dynamics of cooperation and solidarity in this brutal environment. And it is to reveal the tragedy of the person who is destined to die through the protagonist. The plot is structured around love and friendships. The physical and mental difficulties experienced by a war veteran named Anthime, the protagonist of the novel, are both neurotic and psychotic. The aim of this study is to reach the meaning of these troubles caused by the negative effects of war. In the study, which we examined according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis theory, the theoretical framework of the study was created based on the thinker's work titled Thoughts for the Times on War and Death. The novel was discussed on a psychoanalytical axis and it was concluded that war creates countless grievances.

KAZAKH EPICS-IV: IDIOMS IN THE EPIC OF CRIMEA'S FORTY BRAVES

Ali TAN — 2024-10-28

Idioms are one of the culture-bearing elements of a nation. They arise from the nation's power to create words. They are words that are the property of the society, such as proverbs loaded with analogies and metaphors as the product of a sensitive and subtle thinking. The Turkish language has been used, is being used and will continue to be used in a very wide area through the Turkish noble states and empires that spread from the easternmost part of Asia to the westernmost part of Europe in the historical process. When we look at the languages of the Turkic peoples who currently speak Turkic languages, it is seen that they have similar aspects in terms of phonology, morphology, lexicon and sentence knowledge, as well as some differences in terms of phonology and morphology. There are currently more than 20 dialects of the Turkic language. One of these dialects is Kazakh Turkish spoken in Kazakhstan, one of the independent Turkish republics. The epics, which are one of the oral products of Kazakh Turkish, are one of the riches that preserve their importance as in other Turkic republics. In this study, one of the epics on heroism, Kazak destanları IV: Kırım’ın Kırk Batırı are analyzed. The analysis will begin by listing the information about idiom in dictionaries and grammar books, and tried to show which term is used for idiom in Kazakh Turkish.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY ESSAY ON ADVICE AND ADVICE IN TURKISH CULTURE AND LITERATURE

Faruk DOĞAN — 2024-10-28

In Turkish culture and literature, products written in the style of advice or sections organized to give advice within these products have an important place. With the influence of the Turkish-Islamic civilization, authors have made some suggestions, encouragements and recommendations regarding religious, moral, social and cultural life in order to spread goodness and forbid evil in society. The limited bibliography and studies on advice, which is a model of manners and education as old as human history, constitute the starting point of our study. It is aimed that the bibliography study on the tradition of advice, which has an ancient history in Turkish culture and literature, will make important contributions to the field. Document analysis method was used in the research in which the survey model was used. Bibliographical studies create a rich memory for those who are interested in related fields and provide status information about past studies on the subject. The first thing that researchers who will conduct a scientific study will refer to is the bibliographic accumulation in the relevant field. The bibliographical information to be determined within the scope of this study will be an important source of reference for researchers who want to conduct academic and scientific studies on "nasihat". As a result of the research and scans, 61 articles, 24 encyclopedias, books and book chapters, 8 papers and 22 thesis studies were identified and a bibliography of these studies was prepared. Addressing the attitude of advice expression from different angles, especially by making it the subject of more scientific articles and thesis studies, and the distribution of the quality and quantity of the studies collected in bibliographies will be an important road map for researchers.

MUSIC AND SYMBOLISM IN THE MAGIC FLUTE: AN ANALYSIS IN THE LIGHT OF THE MYTH OF ORPHEUS

Aykan AYDIN — 2024-10-28

The Magic Flute is an opera composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Emanuel Schikaneder, which premiered in Vienna in 1791. The work appeals to opera enthusiasts not only for its exceptional music but also for its profound symbolism and enigmatic elements. The opera is structured into two acts and four movements, mirroring the stages of the Masonic initiation ceremony. Metaphorically, the plot depicts a journey from obscurity to enlightenment, from deception to truth. Music plays a fundamental role in opera, reflecting the emotional states and character development. In The Flute, music is used to create emotional atmosphere and express the characters' inner worlds and mysterious rituals. The opera features three important instruments: Tamino's flute, Papageno's glockenspiel, and the trumpets of Sarastro's priests. The story of The Magic Flute is inspired by the legend of Orpheus. According to Greek mythology, Orpheus was a Thracian bard renowned for his exceptional musical talent. Following the loss of his wife, Euridice, he implores Hades to bring her back from the underworld. Orpheus impresses Hades with his musical abilities, and is granted permission to reunite with Euridice on the condition that he does not look at her during their journey to the earth. Unfortunately, Orpheus cannot resist the temptation and glances back at Euridice, resulting in her permanent loss. In 'The Magic Flute', Tamino undergoes a series of trials to rescue Pamina, which test his courage, loyalty, and wisdom, similar to Orpheus' journey through the underworld. With the aid of his flute, Tamino successfully completes the trials and rescues Pamina. This study discusses in detail the functionality of musical and symbolic elements in Mozart's 'The Magic Flute'. The article examines the symbolic meanings of instruments, such as the flute and glockenspiel, and their roles in the opera. The relationship between these symbolic elements and the mythology of Orpheus, as well as their interpretation in this context, allows for a deeper understanding of the mystical aspects of the work.

MINIMALIST FASHION AND PHOTOGRAPHY

Leila ASİVANDZADEH CHAHARMAHALİ — 2024-10-28

Minimal art emerged as an extension of pop art in America in the 1960s. The minimalistic painting artists of this period thought that their abstract experientialism and action painting works were far from realism, too personal and ambitious. They rejected the need for works to be a reflection of the creators’ expressions and personal moods. The focus should not be on anything other than the work itself; the works should be turned into objective works. Minimalism, which integrates simplicity with comfort, broke new ground in fashion. The breezes of minimalism, which enabled a big step towards moving from a suit-based approach to the elegance of simplicity by using many different elements, have shown their influence in many world-famous brands. The minimal style is actually universal and attractive, classic style that is far from ostentatious. The minimalist approach in fashion has only one basic principle: “Keep things simple.” In minimal style, high-quality products are chosen that can last for a long time and are also easy to match. Since minimalist photography generally contains simple compositions, mostly lines and textures, it is suitable for use in order to improve expression and direct the viewer’s attention in the right direction. The natural flow of compositions helps to direct the viewer’s eye where the designer wants. Because the use of photography gained prominence in the West, especially after World War I, so past research is limited. This situation relates to the characteristics of the historical period from the 1920s to the 1960s and coincides with the development of modern photography and its popularity with fashion and advertising, and a new revolution in fashion begins.

PROJECTION OF CALDANI AND MUSLIM RELATIONS IN ULUDERE FROM THE PAST TO THE PRESENT IN A CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS CONTEXT

Osman BİLEN Fevzi RENÇBER — 2024-10-28

The old name of Uludere is Kılaban. It is stated in the sources that Kılaban means "keleguard". After the Ottoman Empire, it was called the Goyan (relative to the Goyî tribe) region until 1928. The history of Uludere district dates back to 3000 BC. Uludere was dominated by many states such as the Medes, Persians, Roman-Partians and Arsacids and was influenced by many different cultures. It came under the rule of the Sassanids in 297 AD. In 1534, it came under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire. With the establishment of the Republic of Türkiye, it became a sub-district of Beytüşşebap. It was annexed to HakkÂri on 27 June 1956. When Şırnak became a province in 1990, it became a district of Şırnak. There are 12 villages and 3 towns in Uludere district. Since Uludere is politically and culturally influenced by many states and cultures, it is possible to see its reflections until today. Although abandoned, there are two Chaldean villages in Uludere, named İşşi (Onbudak) and Bazyan (Doğan). İşşi village is connected to Şenoba town. Bazyan village is approximately a 45-minute walk from Ishshi. Muslim Kurds and Chaldeans lived together in this village. İşşi village consisted of 80 households and 680 people in 1976. Bazyan village had 60 families and a population of 350 people in 1970. Since 1980, the villages began to be evacuated due to increasing terrorist incidents. In this study, we tried to convey accurate information about the reflections of İşşi and Bazyan villages from past to present in the context of the culture of living together with Muslims by visiting the villages. We went to İşşi (Şi-Onbudak) village, one of the evacuated villages that were the subject of our study, on September 6, 2023. We tried to convey this by listening to the Chaldeans, the former inhabitants of the village, their friends, and the Muslims living in the nearby villages. We could not enter Bazyan (Doğan) village due to transportation difficulties. However, we tried to provide accurate and objective information by listening to Muslim and Chaldean witnesses who lived together in the village before.

SAYYID FAYZULLAH ERZEN'S VIEWS ON THE SHARĪ'AH RULING ON MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS: AN ANALYSIS OF HIS WORK NAMED 'AL-QAWL AL-NAAFI' AN AL-ALAATI AL-MALAHI'

Abdulbaki DENİZ — 2024-10-28

In Islamic law, the obligation to strive to solve current religious problems belongs to the fuqaha. Fuqaha are obliged to give answers in the light of the Quran and the Sunnah regarding the issues for which religious judgment is requested. However, these answers may vary depending on the person's scientific ability, time and place. Throughout Islamic history, disputes in the religious provisions regarding music and musical instruments have continued until today. Seyit Feyzullah Erzen, who was understood to be dissatisfied with the different views on the ruling of music and musical instruments, felt the need to write a treatise on this subject. Erzen, one of the important scholars of the Şırnak region, spent his life in scientific education and training. He studied under some important scholars, trained many students and wrote many works. In this context, he applied a unique method in his work titled el-Kavlü'n-nâhî ani’l-âlâti’l-malâhî. The most obvious characteristics of his method are the determination and limitation of the subject under investigation, the detailed evaluation of the relevant texts, and the fact that he does not hesitate to express his opinion clearly, even if it is contrary to the general acceptance of the sect he belongs to. In this respect, he can be considered one of the rare personalities raised in the region. Because classical thought generally bases itself on the general acceptances of old scholars and refrains from putting forward new ideas that contradict them. Since the pamphlet in question stands out with its own characteristics from various perspectives, it has been presented to the benefit of those interested in independent research.

SOME MILESTONES THAT PREPARED ISLAMOPHOBIA TO BECOME A PHENOMENON

Edip YILMAZ — 2024-10-28

In the years after the Second World War, the independence of Muslim countries and the ways in which these countries, which were faced with the negativities of the cold war, expressed their reactions by using illegitimate ways, were effective in the rise of Islamophobia to the level of phenomenon. In addition, although Islamophobia has some common motivations and points of departure, it has different manifestations that differ from country to country. There are notable differences between the motives that triggered Islamophobia in the United States and in European countries. Although there are studies that take these distinctions into account, further studies are needed. Our aim in this study is to discuss the emergence of Islamophobia in the Western world in the second half of the twentieth century and some of the turning points that fed this proces. However, it is not possible to limit the emergence of Islamophobia to some events that took place in the second half of the twentieth century. Although it is not expressed, the enmity between the Islamic and Western civilizations also has some implicit reference frames. These include a multifaceted and long process with religious, historical and cultural branches. On religious grounds, this relationship began with the emergence of Islam. On the political and cultural grounds, it goes back to the 640s AD when the first Islamic conquests took place. It would be more accurate to see this long history as a multidimensional network of socio-cultural and economic relations rather than just a period of wars as described in political history books. Addressing all these processes is beyond the limits of our study. For this reason, we will try to focus on the socio-political elements that constitute the dominant and visible (or wanted to be seen) aspect of the event by leaving the historical course of relations to related studies. While discussing this process, we will primarily focus on two important backgrounds that are influential in the production of the policies of the Western states towards the Middle East and that form the basis of the political developments. First of all, we will touch on the clash of civilizations thesis, which caused a radical change in the West's Middle East politics in the post-cold war period. Later, we will point out how the products put forward by orientalists and their perspectives on these products affect the perception about Muslim societies. In addition, we will ask whether orientalism is a discipline based only on academic concerns. In the third stage, we will discuss some important political and social developments that took place in the second half of the twentieth century and contributed to the emergence of Islamophobia. In the final stage, we will talk about the developments that took place on September 11 and after.

THE WOODEN DOMES OF ISTANBUL’S SYNAGOGUES AND ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AND CONSERVATION PROBLEMS OF AHRIDA SYNAGOGUE’S WOODEN DOME

Emine KASABOĞLUAynur ÇİFTÇİ — 2024-10-28

The dome, whose construction dates back to prehistoric times, is a curvilinear cover that is widely preferred due to its ability to cross wide spaces and the aesthetic value it adds to architecture in buildings. In traditional architecture, there are domes made of different materials such as masonry and wood. This building element is frequently encountered especially in the main spaces of buildings such as mosques, lodges, masjids, synagogues, mansions, pavilions, palaces, and tombs built in Istanbul. Wooden domes, which are not sufficiently researched in the literature in terms of their technical features and conservation problems, are unique components of traditional architecture with their authentic construction techniques. In buildings with different functions in Istanbul, there are large diameter domes that cover the space and have a spherical form visible from the outside, as well as small diameter wooden domes that can only be visible from the interior. Especially in religious buildings such as mosques, lodges, masjids and synagogues, wooden domes hidden under hipped roofs continue to exist today. In this study; the architectural features of the wooden domes in the worship spaces of Mayor, Maalem and Ahrida Synagogues in Istanbul, which are covered with hipped roofs and are not visible from the outside, were examined. The dome of the Ahrida Synagogue, for which more archival documents were found, was examined in detail and its conservation problems were identified. The authentic construction technique of the dome, which has not survived to the present day, was tried to be explained by making three-dimensional modeling from archival photographs. It is hoped that this study will contribute to future conservation efforts by pointing out the importance and the basic approach principles for the conservation of these building elements that have technical, documentary, aesthetic, and symbolic value.

DETECTION OF STRUCTURAL IRON ELEMENTS USED IN CLASSICAL OTTOMAN (15TH CENTURY – 17TH CENTURY) MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE THROUGH NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS: A SECTION OVER SULTAN AHMET MOSQUE

Ömer Faruk SERTCan Şakir BİNAN ,Sinan ARAS — 2024-10-28

The expansion of the Ottoman Empire brought about a period in which it reached its peak in culture, architecture, and the arts. Particularly in the 16th century, advancements in iron technology played a crucial role in architectural development. The use of iron for structural purposes in architecture allowed structures to reach monumental dimensions. Structural iron elements are employed to withstand the internal stresses of a building and the tensile stresses resulting from seismic effects. According to experimental research, masonry constructed with iron was found to be more effective in resisting tensile forces compared to masonry without iron (Demir, 2012). Calderini and Sergio (2015)'s study emphasized the advantages of structural iron elements in resisting seismic loads. However, damages arising from the internal structure of iron elements or external factors may occur. This situation can lead to weaknesses in the static structure of buildings. Therefore, the durability of iron elements providing advantages against seismic loads and the determination of their positions are critically important in determining interventions in the structure. In assessing the condition of structural iron elements, non-destructive testing methods that allow the detection of discontinuities without causing harm to cultural heritage play a significant role. Techniques such as ground-penetrating radar, magnetic induction, ultrasonic tomography, thermography, videoscopes are commonly used in the evaluation of historic structures. However, to obtain accurate and reliable results, it is often necessary to use multiple methods simultaneously. Within the scope of the study, the detectability of structural iron elements in historical artifacts using non-destructive testing methods was investigated. In this context, measurements conducted with radar, magnetic induction, and videoscope devices during the restoration process of the pier of Sultan Ahmet Mosque were analyzed, supported by laboratory experiments.

POST-REPUBLIC AND MID-20TH CENTURY, URBAN DEVELOPMENT EXAMPLES IN ISTANBUL-BOSPHORUS SETTLEMENTS

Özlem ATALAN — 2024-10-28

After the conclusion of World War I, Istanbul faced a period of devastation and impoverishment, marking the end of the lively and cosmopolitan life along the Bosphorus. The construction of coastal palaces and mansions, based on the traditional architectural blueprint in the Bosphorus, virtually came to a standstill from the first quarter of the 20th century. During this period, structures adorning the Bosphorus shoreline, reflecting the architectural richness of the century, suffered damage due to various factors, leading to the severance of their connections with groves and garden layouts. Factors such as the decline in Istanbul's population, fires in the Bosphorus, the relocation of the state center and embassies to Ankara, the population exchange process, and the departure of Ottoman dynasty members significantly influenced the population and ethnic structure of the Bosphorus. With the onset of the Republic era, the exile of the imperial family left the coastal palaces and mansions in a neglected and dilapidated state. The post-Republic era can be considered a period of significant change for Turkey. During this time, a transition occurred from an introverted and large family structure to an extroverted and small family system. Concrete architecture replaced wooden and stone architecture, resulting in thinner walls, larger window openings, simplified facades, and reduced ceiling heights. In the post-Republic period, architectural changes were evident in the interior life of traditional mansions along the Bosphorus, with apartment buildings becoming widespread, especially along the İstinye-Yeniköy coast. However, new mansions in harmony with the historical environment were also observed during this period. In the mid-20th century, important structures like Kemali Söylemezoğlu's Çapa Yalısı in Bebek and Sedad Hakkı Eldem's Ilıcak Yalısı in Yeniköy emerged as architectural pioneers. This research aims to explore the transformation process of the Bosphorus from the early 20th century to the post-Republic era, analyzing significant structures constructed during this period using visual and written sources.

THE INFLUENCE OF A REPUBLICAN ARCHITECT: CLEMENS HOLZMEISTER AND THE LEGACY OF HIS ARCHITECTURE, TRACES OF MODERNISM IN BUYUKADA

Nagehan Yağmur ŞİMŞEK SÖNMEZZafer SAĞDIÇ — 2024-10-28

This study analyses examples of Modern Architecture in Turkey, focusing on the influences that led to the emergence of the concept of Modern Architecture and the architectural environment of the period. Clemens Holzmeister, as both an educator and a practising architect who shaped the architectural face of Ankara with the proclamation of the Republic, made significant contributions to the development process of Modern Architecture in Turkey. Starting from Ankara, modern architecture and its legacy spread to different regions of Turkey. Holzmeister's architectural style in Ankara was influenced by his early work in Austria and matured under the Modernism and Art Deco movements. His work has left a lasting impression on Turkish architecture, striking a balance between functionality and locality with straight lines, rigid geometric forms and modern materials. Therefore, Holzmeister's architectural works provide important information about the regional interpretation of Modern Architecture in Turkey and the evolution of Turkish architecture. This study firstly analyses the factors that led to the emergence of the concept of Modern Architecture and the architectural environment, and investigates the importance of Modernism for Turkey. The evaluation is based on the work of Clemens Holzmeister, who had a significant influence on the development of Modern architecture in Turkey. In the article, the early works of the architect, in which his style began to take shape, are analysed and inferences are made from these works. Then, Holzmeister's main buildings in Ankara and his architectural understanding in this period are analysed. Finally, the spread of this architectural language filtered from Ankara to different geographies of Turkey is evaluated and read through the buildings reflecting the Modern Architecture style in Büyükada, one of the Istanbul Islands. The examples of Modern Architecture reinterpreted in accordance with the natural environmental conditions unique to the island are evaluated in the context of the reflections of Holzmeister's architectural understanding.

DETERMINATION OF HOME CARE STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOME CARE SERVICES: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Ayşegül KAHRAMAN Tuğba KARAN ,Aslı ÇAYAN GÜLER ,Perihan SARI ,İlhami AKSU — 2024-10-28

The aim of the study is to determine the attitudes of home care students towards home care services. This descriptive study was conducted with the students of the Home Patient Care Program of a Vocational School of Health Services in Aydın. The sample of the study consisted of 234 students studying in the spring term of the 2022-2023 academic year, who accepted to participate in the study voluntarily. The data of the research were collected online between February 13 and April 14, 2023 by means of the "Personal Information Form" and the "Home Care Services Attitude Scale" prepared by the researcher and the Google Form. The majority of the students participating in our study are female, 1st year, graduated from health vocational high school, live in the Aegean region, the district, have a nuclear family type, and their income is equivalent to their expenses. 92.7% of the students have not received any home care service before. It was determined that the program they studied was suitable for them, their opinions about the home care program were positive, and their interest in health care was effective in choosing a profession. It has been determined that the students have knowledge about their professional duties, authorities and responsibilities, and 84.5% of them have anxiety about finding a job. In our study, the total score of home care program students from the Home Care Services Attitude Scale was 124.77±13.38. Significance was found between the second year students and all sub-dimensions of the scale and the total score. Between the students whose family type is fragmented and the scale's 'Attitudes towards interpersonal relations between the home care team and the patient' sub-dimension; A statistically significant difference was found between the students who previously received home care services, who did their internship in the state hospital service for home care services, and who were informed about the duties, authorities and responsibilities of the profession, and the sub-dimension of the scale's 'attitudes towards support experienced in home care' (p<0,05). A positive relationship was found between the total score of the home care services attitude scale and the sub-dimension of 'Attitudes towards support experienced in home care' and age (p<0,05). For this reason, in the results and recommendations section, solutions are offered for students to gain more professional experience and become more oriented to their field of study.

THE EXISTENCE OF FORESTS IN TURKIYE AND CANAKKALE FOREST FIRES BY LAST YEARS

Rüştü ILGAR — 2024-10-28

This study is based on qualitative research, that is, data collection methods such as observation and document analysis of statistical data. The data were collected from Çanakkale Forest Management Directorate Office. Data were reviewed, analyzed and organized appropriately. The forest area of the regional directorate is 506.011 hectares of forest and 130.736 hectares of coppice. Of the forested area, 333,054 hectares are productive forests. 31% of the forested area is covered with red pine, totaling 198,715 hectares. There are 216,851 hectares of potential afforestation areas and approximately 200,000 hectares are forests created by human labor. Even though the number of forest fires in Çanakkale has increased in recent years, the amount of burned area has decreased. 80% of forest fires are caused by negligence and carelessness such as stubble, garbage, cigarettes and picnic fires. When forest fire statistics of the last 50 years are evaluated, which most of the fires that cause casualties occur in July. Despite the increase in the number of fires, there have been decreases in the area of burning forest. According to the averages of recent years, an average of 46 fires occur per year, and an average of 3.5 hectares of area is burned per fire. The the field work done have improved by measures taken against forest fires, and the activities to work reduces the impact of forest fires. However, the measures taken before, during and after the fire (fire cooling, reclamation and replanting, etc.) reduce the damages and their extent. The forest fires will increase because of global climate changes, it is estimated for Çanakkale. Also what needs to be done in response to increasing forest fires is the rapid afforestation of burned areas and reforestation into productive forest areas. Forest areas should be protected by the necessary laws. In addition, penalties for forest crimes should be reorganized. The important factor is to take precautions before the fire that will cause the fire to occur (garbage left in the forest, picnic, stubble, etc. fire) and severe deterrent penalties should be applied against those who carry out these actions.

PUBLIC TRANSPORT TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT: MODEL PROPOSAL FOR ANKARA PROVINCE

Sevilay BOSTANCIYeşim TANRIVERMİŞ — 2024-10-28

The concept of Transit Oriented Urban Development (TOD) is the planning of commercial areas and residences together in a way that facilitates access to public transportation and makes the use of public transportation attractive. Because a crucial means of coordinating relatively dense land uses and multiple modes of transportation, physical design appears to be an important component of making TOD projects effective. TOD is a strategy for integrating public transportation investments and land use practices to create diverse walkable neighborhoods in both downtown and suburban areas. Some of the factors that make the implementation of TOD difficult: These are obstacles such as lack of governance, coordination, problems with land use, and low quality of public transportation. In this study, the definitions of TOD, the instruments used in the financing of TOD, the effects of TOD on travel behavior, its effects on real estate value, its effects on settlements, its effects on urban form, and its effects on community life are discussed by making use of the literature. In the study, the possibility of TOD-oriented development for Ankara Province is emphasized and a model proposal is made for Ankara. As the necessary conditions to pave the way for Ankara's public transport-oriented development, public transport-oriented urban development, known as the integration of public transport investments in Ankara with land use, should be outlined and public transport investments should be developed together with real estate investments. It is revealed that it is insufficient in, and therefore, adequate coordination should be ensured by both the central administration and local governments, and the ways to create these conditions should be researched and developed.

KAYSERİ FELAHIYE DISTRICT İSABEY VILLAGE SALİH KAHYA VILLAGE CHAMBER

Aslı SAĞIROĞLU — 2024-10-28

The village chamber is one of the concrete cultural heritages that reflect Turkish culture and Turkish art, which continues its tradition from past to present in many villages of Anatolia. Hosting guests is a very common tradition in Turkish culture; The problem of where the foreign guests coming to the village from outside would stay was taken into consideration by the rich prominent people of the village or the village people, and village rooms were built in the villages through collective work. Building a village room later became a tradition, and in addition to its function of hosting guests from outside, it also became structures where village people gather, spend time, and socialize in their spare time. Village chambers have also become units where the village people organize various entertainments, perform local games, tell various folk stories, recite chants, and teach manners and etiquette by seeing them. In this respect, village chambers should be considered as concrete cultural heritage where Turkish culture is intensely experienced. The village rooms were built in a simple architectural style with their external appearance, but the room elements in their interiors were designed with intense ornamentation; They can be shown as remarkable examples of folk architecture of Turkish art.In this paper, the Salih Kahya Room in İsabey Village of Felahiye District of Kayseri Province will be discussed and the architecture and decorative features of the village room will be emphasized. In addition, cultural activities developing around the village chamber and the traditions and customs of the society in which it is located will also be emphasized. The effects of Turkish culture and Turkish art on architecture will be discussed through the concept of village room. In this scientific research article, it is aimed to introduce the Salih Kahya room to the scientific world.

COVERING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH CONSTRUCTIVE JOURNALISM: A REVIEW ON PERSPECTIVE DAILY

Ebru DAVULCU — 2024-10-28

The social, economic and technological developments experienced with the Industrial Revolution have caused the climate to change rapidly, and global warming has caused a climate crisis that will make it difficult for living things to survive. In order to prevent this crisis, public opinion needs to be created. Media is a tool used to create public opinion. Movies, public service announcements, documentaries and news published in the media are important in increasing social awareness. In this study, an analysis will be made on Perspective Daily due to the use of alternative media in following content related to climate change. Perspective Daily engages in constructive journalism. Constructive journalism is a type of journalism that prioritizes the public interest and aims to activate the negotiation process to alleviate social problems. Research on constructive journalism, which has become popular as an academic study subject in recent years; It provides the opportunity to make alternative evaluations in the triangle of climate change, society and media. In this study, which was prepared using a qualitative method and had a case study design, criteria were determined based on six techniques in McIntyre and Gyldensted's approach: "Solution, future orientation, depolarization, constructive interview, Rosling technique, co-creation and empowerment". In line with the criticisms of constructive journalism, "problem" was added to these criteria and an evaluation was made on the relationship between constructive journalism and stating the problem. In the study, the news/articles of Maria Tesich and Felix Austen, who produce climate-related content in Perspective Daily, were examined for 6 months and a descriptive analysis was carried out. In addition, quantitative data was also used when evaluating the news/articles within the framework of their compliance with the relevant criteria. As a result of the research, it was revealed that Perspective Daily engaged in constructive journalism when publishing news/articles on climate change. Active, solution-oriented, future-oriented news and articles that stimulate positive psychology in the reader are prepared in cooperation with experts. Reader comments, knowledge and experiences can also be used when reporting.

1953 BALKAN PACT WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF APROACH OF THREAD BALANCE

Latif PINAR — 2024-10-28

Turkey, Greece and Yugoslavia, which had to face intense pressure and threats especially from the Soviet Union during the Cold War, thought that they could at least alleviate these pressures and threats through cooperation among them, and accordingly, they signed the agreement establishing the Balkan Pact on February 28, 1953. The developments that took place after the signing of this agreement revealed the necessity of transforming the pact created between the three countries into a new alliance in which the military security dimension comes to the fore. As a matter of fact, a second agreement was signed between the parties on 9 August 1954, transforming the Balkan Pact into the Balkan Alliance. In the Balkan Alliance, described as the Bled Agreement, after emphasizing that they would seek peaceful solutions to international conflicts by adhering to the United Nations' aim of preserving global peace, the parties regulated the measures they would take to ensure common security. As a matter of fact, the parties mutually guranteed that if an armed attack is made against any of them, this attack would be regarded to be directed against all of them, the three countries would take all necessary measures together for an effective collective defense, they would stand by the attacked state, they would not make peace or any agreement with the aggressor country separately from each other, and they would assist each other by reinforcing their defense forces. This study aims to examine the 1953 Balkan Pact within the framework of the basic assumptions of the Balance of Threat approach introduced to the international relations literature by Stephen M. Walt.

İhtifalci Mehmed Ziya in the Context of Social Memory

Nacide ÖTERÖzge KURŞUN TÜKENMEZ — 2024-10-28

It is necessary to save memories in mind for preserving the past and transferring it to the next generations. Keeping memories alive is possible with recall. Remembering the common values of the society creates the collective memory. Formation of collective memory and its sustainability can be achieved in various ways. One of these ways is holding commemoration of the historical victory days which are the common joys of the society that is named by important people of a society. Rituals performed at commemorations on anniversaries ensure people to remember historical events and people. It also contributes to the preservation and revitalization of historical places where chosen for commemorations as memory space. For this reason, commemoration have an important role in the formation and transferring of the social memory. Commemorations that started to be made in the late periods of Ottoman history shows how much importance is given to cultural transfer in Turkish history. The most important factor that provides this awareness is national consciousness among individuals together with a deep-rooted history. Mehmed Ziya Bey is one of the leading names who contributed to the social memory with the events he organized in the Ottoman Empire. He served as an educator in various parts and periods of the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, he held various positions in Istanbul Friendship Association and Asar-ı Atika Imperial Museum. For that reason, He had opportunity to recognize the rich historical artifacts on the different territories of the Ottoman Empire. He also organized important commemorations to revitalize the historical sites and protect the natural and historical beauties of Istanbul where was the heart of the Empire. Mehmed Ziya chose the commemoration places from the areas where historical events were happened before or the graves of people, moreover, he meticulously created his programs. He organized several rituals that motivated the religious and national feelings of the participants in his commemoration programs. In this way, social remembrance strongly occurred along with the participants' visualization in their memory in commemorations of historical events and people. This situation ensures the formation of social memory.

IMMANENT REALISM AND THE PROBLEM OF INTENTIONALITY IN FRANZ BRENTANO’S PHILOSOPHY

Ismahan ÖZDEMİR YAZGAN — 2024-10-28

Franz Brentano (his full name is Franz Clemens Honoratius Herman Brentano) is best known for being Edmund Husserl's mentor. However, apart from this, he also had many significant arguments that have not been widely addressed and studied in Turkey. Brentano is regarded as a good and faithful interpreter of Aristotle, as well as a pioneer of the phenomenological movement and the mastermind of the intentionality theory. Brentano, along with all these qualities, was interested in psychology, and while attempting to design a new science of psychology, he also desired this science to have a philosophical foundation. Thus, he is both a philosopher and metaphysician and, considering the argument of descriptive psychology, a psychologist. Brentano's fundamental work, Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint, reveals that he was well acquainted with the philosophical and psychological traditions that preceded him. Owing to his multifaceted identity, his arguments not only attracted much attention and debate in his period but also made a significant contribution to the intellectual tradition following him. However, some of the concepts contained in his philosophy have led to the emergence of some misinterpretations or explanations. Therefore, the primary aim of the present study, in which Brentano's philosophy was discussed and analyzed from the perspective of immanent realism, was to outline his philosophy. The analysis was conducted by taking into account the main concepts. The aim of this conceptual framework was to clarify the issue in a more systematic and comprehensive way and to draw the boundaries of the issue. The second aim of this paper was to present an analysis of the concept of psychic phenomena through the concept of orientationally and to identify the problems that arise in this context.

A VISUAL ANALYSIS OF PERIODICAL CLOTHING STYLES ON WOMEN'S FASHION MAGAZINE COVERS

Tuğba SEFEROĞLU — 2024-10-28

Design is a phenomenon that has a communicative or functional purpose in the process that gives form to the meaning of images in the human brain. One of the areas where the visual voice of design is heard is in fashion magazines. One of the most important elements of magazines that are a design product is their cover. The cover is both the packaging of a magazine and its clothing in terms of its impact on the first encounter with the target audience. The images on the cover of the magazine call attention to the fact that it gives readers information about the content of the magazine. One of the most important elements of these visuals is the clothing of the models on the magazine cover. Clothing is a visual object that provides information about the time in which it was worn. The purpose of this study is to analyse the clothing styles of models featured on the covers of French women's fashion magazines. In this direction, the sample group of the study consists of a total of 985 magazine covers from 2000 - 2020 of the cover designs of the fashion magazines Vogue, Elle, Marie Claire and Cosmopolitan. A quantitative research method was chosen, as the data obtained were analysed numerically. The data were obtained and interpreted using the SPSS package programme. As a result of the research, it was found that many clothing styles appeared on the covers of women's fashion magazines over the years. Although there was not much difference among the magazines among the clothing styles, it showed that the casual (daily) clothing style was the most commonly used among 29 styles. It was observed that the styles of the models on the covers of the magazines reflected the understanding of dress of the time and emphasised the style. This study can be an important resource for those who want to better understand the relationship between fashion and society and analyse how periodic clothing styles are shaped.

HABERMAS AND ARENDT'S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF PUBLIC SPHERE AND OTTOMAN COFFEEHOUSES

Çiçek TOMRUKÇU — 2024-10-28

Conceptualized as a place for public action and deliberation that enables participation and collective decision-making, the public sphere, which is considered to be shaped by polyphonic dialogues and conversations, has been at the center of ongoing debates not only in political theory but also in disciplines such as history, sociology and communication throughout the 20th century. Hannah Arendt and Jurgen Habermas are familiar with this concept in social science literature, but it is Hannah Arendt and Jurgen Habermas who have brought it to the forefront in political theory and democracy debates. Both of them were concerned with criticizing modern politics based on a historical public sphere and establishing a norm for a more participatory and libertarian political model. Because the idea of the public sphere is positioned as one of the founding elements of a pluralist, participatory and libertarian model of democracy. These two milestone works on the public sphere are Western-centered in their conceptualization and ignore the developments in the public sphere outside the West. In the works of Jürgen Habermas and Hannah Arentd, we see that a theoretical framework is constructed around the concept of public sphere, starting from Ancient Greece to bourgeois society. Within this theoretical framework, although they differ from the characteristics of the Western public sphere, the Ottoman coffeehouses are also worth analyzing in the context of the formation of public opinion and the opportunity for public speech.

A COMPARISON WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE SOCIAL STATE UNDERSTANDING: THE CASE OF TÜRKİYE – GERMANY

Taha ARTUÇTülin CANBAY — 2024-10-28

A social state is defined as a state understanding that enables citizens to live in a manner befitting human dignity, provides services to cover the whole society, and distributes these services equally among individuals The concept of social state, which has gone through many different stages in the historical process, has made it obligatory for states today to make expenditures to ensure the welfare of individuals and to provide services to realize social welfare. Although the concept of the social state is interpreted in different ways in developed and developing countries, it is clear that every state, regardless of the level of development of the countries, makes efforts in this regard. As a matter of fact, Türkiye, a developing country, and Germany, a developed country, have taken and continue to take important steps within the scope of the social state concept. In this study, a comparison is made between Germany, the first country where the concept of social state emerged, and Türkiye, where the concept of social state is developing, by discussing how the historical process has passed, what the current situation is, and the situation of the services provided in terms of realizing social welfare in these two countries. The comparison is based on five different indicators. Within the social state approach framework, data on justice in income distribution, health services, education services, social assistance and security services in terms of social expenditures, and the social welfare index were subjected to the comparison between the two countries. The expected result of the comparison is to reveal the deficiencies and what needs to be done based on official data.

A UNIQUE MODEL IN HIGHER EDUCATION: ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS ISTANBUL

Mehmet Sinan TARAKCIOĞLUZafer SAĞDIÇ — 2024-10-28

The School of Fine Arts (Sanâyi-i Nefîse Mektebi) was founded in Istanbul in the last quarter of the 20th century on the initiative of Osman Hamdi Bey. It was a first in the field of fine arts in the Ottoman Empire’s higher education system. Despite the political changes and wars at the turn of the century, the institution was able to maintain its position. As a result of the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey and the reforms that followed, the school, which was accepted as a heritage of the Republic, was renamed the Academy of Fine Arts (Istanbul). The scope of training, which began with architecture, painting, sculpture and carving, was extended to include the decorative arts. The term academy came to be associated with this institution in society. Research on the institution from many different perspectives can be found in the literature. However, it has not been analysed in the context of the attempts to establish new fine arts academies that started with the aim of sharing the responsibility of this singular position, taking into account the changes in higher education. This article focuses on the period from 1927, when the institution received the title of Academy, to 1982, when it was transformed into Mimar Sinan University with the Council of Higher Education (YÖK) Law. During this period, the main changes in society and the higher education system, regulations, laws and their justifications are analysed in terms of their impact on the Academy. The changes in the Academy's administration, the activities of those who took office, and the attempts to establish new fine arts academies in Ankara, Bursa and Izmir and their results are analysed. The emergence of private colleges that would be affiliated with the Academy in the following years, the role of the Academy of Fine Arts and other academies in the higher education system are analysed in parallel with the newly established universities. It was observed that the effect of the Academy Fire and the lack of a law for the academies, as in the case of universities, had a negative impact on the opening of new academies. Although the 1969 Academy Law provided sufficient authority in this context, it was found that priority was given to different academies and new universities. The Ankara and Bursa Academies, which came to life in the last years of the Academy, were closed down before they could produce their first graduates. The original structure and basic form of the academy, which was born out of the museum and coexisted with it, was included in the limited space allocated to it in the new higher education system, which continues to this day. Together with the Conservatory, with which it was in close contact, it came under the identity of Mimar Sinan University. It set a precedent for the Faculties of Fine Arts and Architecture in higher education.