The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, Year 2025 Issue Year: 18 - Number:103

RESILIENT SCHOOL LEADERSHIP IN THE PROCESS OF MANAGING CHANGE

Münevver ÇETİNMerve AYDIN — 2025-04-02

This study aims to identify resilient school leadership behaviors in the process of managing change. The research is a qualitative study and was conducted with a phenomenological design. The participants of the study consisted of 10 school administrators working in private and public schools in Istanbul. The research data were collected through face-to-face interviews using semi-structured interview forms. In the study, school administrators defined resilience as showing resistance, not giving up, coping with difficulties, approaching with common sense, managing stress and emerging from challenging situations with strength. In the process of managing change, school administrators mostly face the challenge of resistance to change. In the study, the participants exhibited the behaviors of exchanging ideas, thinking that every problem has a solution and focusing on the positive aspects of change in order to increase their mental resilience in the face of the difficulties they face in the process of managing change; the behaviors of staying alone with themselves, applying to social support sources, and engaging in activities that make them feel good in order to increase their emotional resilience; taking a walk to increase their physical resilience; strengthening their social ties to increase their social resilience; and self-suggestion and adhering to ethical principles and rules in order to ensure ethical resilience. All of the school administrators who participated in the research stated that there is a directly proportional relationship between their personal resilience and the resilience of the organization they manage; they suggested that school administrators should be open to change, be in communication and cooperation, and remind themselves that difficulties are temporary in the face of the difficulties they face in the process of managing change.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITIES TURKISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE TEXTBOOKS IN TERMS OF DIGITAL LITERACY

Ferhat TEMELFethi DEMİR — 2025-04-02

The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between the activities included in Turkish language and literature textbooks and digital literacy. This study employed a qualitative research method, and the data were collected through document analysis. The material of the study consists of a total of 748 activities categorized as pre-lesson, during-lesson, and post-lesson activities from the 2024-2025 academic year Turkish language and literature textbooks for grades 9-12. The Digital Literacy Content Assessment Form prepared by Gülsoy (2023) based on UNESCO's global digital literacy framework was used as a data collection tool in the research. The data were analyzed using the descriptive analysis technique, which is one of the data analysis techniques of qualitative research. The study found that activities related to digital literacy are included in Turkish Language and Literature textbooks at certain rates at each grade level. Among these, the 9th-grade textbook had the highest percentage of digital literacy-related activities, while the 12th-grade textbook had the lowest percentage. Analyzing the distribution of these activities across the four basic language skills, it was observed that listening had the highest percentage, whereas speaking had the lowest. Regarding digital literacy competency domains, the most represented domain was information and data literacy, while the domain of career-related competencies was not addressed at all. Based on the obtained results, comparisons were made with similar studies and recommendations were provided.

TEACHERS' VIEWS ON SCHOOL TRANSPARENCY AND MANAGEMENT ACCORDING TO VALUES

Gülay ATAYTürkan ARGON — 2025-04-02

In this research, teachers' views on school transparency and management according to values were discussed, the relationship between these views was determined, and it was examined whether there was a significant difference according to personal variables. The research model is relational survey model. The study population consists of 414 teachers working in secondary schools in the central district of Düzce province. In the analysis of research data, arithmetic mean and standard deviation were used for descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used for personal variables, and Spearman Rho Correlation analysis was used for the relationship between opinions. According to the results of the research, teachers' opinions regarding both school transparency and management according to values are at the "agree" level in total and in all sub-dimensions. While teachers' gender and educational background do not reveal a significant difference in their views on school transparency, their age and professional seniority differ in the dimensions of information flow, accountability and in total; Working time at school made a significant difference in the accountability dimension. Teachers' views on management according to values did not show a significant difference according to the variable of education level and length of time working at the school. According to the gender variable, in all sub-dimensions and in total; A significant difference was found in the organizational values sub-dimension according to age, and in both the organizational values dimension and the total according to professional seniority. A highly positive and significant relationship was found between teachers' views on school transparency and management according to values.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHERS’ CAREER BARRIERS AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SELF-EFFICACY

Muhammed Burak KESİCİAydın BALYER — 2025-04-02

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between teachers' career barriers and their professional development self-efficacy. Relational survey model, which is one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the study. The sample of the study consists of 391 teachers working in public and private schools in Üsküdar district of Istanbul. The data of the study were collected with ‘Teachers’ Career Barriers Scale‘ and “Teachers” Professional Development Self-Efficacy Scale’. The data were analysed using SPSS 25 package programme for descriptive statistics. Arithmetic mean (x̄), percentage (%), frequency (f), t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation techniques were used in data analysis. When the data obtained from the scale of teachers' career barriers are analysed, it is seen that the factor with the highest value is the barriers arising from management. This is followed by political/union barriers, economic barriers, bureaucratic barriers in higher education and family barriers, respectively. When the scale of teachers' Professional development self-efficacy is analysed, it is seen that the factor with the highest value is instructional development. This is followed by institutional development, field development and personal development respectively. There is a significant difference between teachers' career barriers and their professional seniority. There is a significant difference between teachers' professional development self-efficacy and their level of education. There is a weak and positive significant relationship between teachers' career barriers and Professional development self-efficacy. Qualitative research can be conducted to better understand this relationship. In order to generalise the results, similar studies need to be conducted in different parts of Turkey.

THE DIGITAL GAMIFICATION APPROACH TO VOCABULARY TEACHING IN TURKISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE

Ramazan ERYILMAZ — 2025-04-02

The aim of this study is to determine student opinions on vocabulary teaching activities based on the gamification approach using digital tools in learning Turkish as a second language and to reveal the effects of this approach on students' attitudes towards learning Turkish and their vocabulary. Qualitative data were collected through participant opinions, while quantitative data were obtained using scales that determine participants' attitudes towards learning Turkish and their vocabulary. Therefore, this mixed-method study, conducted in an embedded design integrating qualitative and quantitative data, utilized content analysis and t-tests in the data analysis process. According to the study results, the effective use of the gamification approach and digital technologies positively impacts the teaching of Turkish vocabulary. Participants found this approach motivating, enjoyable, and exciting, although some experienced anxiety. This model supports learners' learning processes and enhances their vocabulary knowledge. Participants noted that learning vocabulary was easier and more enjoyable using these tools. They recommended the implementation and widespread use of this model in teaching and learning Turkish as a second language.

A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS ON UNDERSTANDING BY DESIGN (UbD)

Tuğba İNCİMAN ÇELİKCenk AKAY — 2025-04-02

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Tasarım Yoluyla Anlama konusunda yayınlanmış çalışmaları bibliyometrik analizle incelemek ve bu alanda takip edilen yayınları, atıf ilişkilerini ve eğilimleri belirlemek ve değerlendirmektir. Ayrıca yayın, yazar, kaynak, kurum ve ülke bazında istatistiksel bilgiler sunulması ile bu alanlarda araştırma yapan bilim insanlarına fayda sağlanması ve kullanılabilir veriler üretilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda WoS veri tabanında 2004-2022 yılları arasında Tasarım Yoluyla Anlama ile ilgili yayımlanan çalışmalar ortalama 7.12 atıf almıştır ve yıllık üretim oranı açısından hızla ilerleyen bu kavramın yıllık büyüme oranı %6.68 olarak analiz edilmiştir. 2016 yılından sonra yayımlanan çalışmaların toplam çalışmaların %63,33’ünü oluşturduğu görülmüştür. WoS veri tabanında ilgili zaman diliminde yayımlanan Tasarım Yoluyla Anlama ile ilgili 33 çalışma R programı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, 32 farklı kaynakta 60 yazar araştırmalarında bu metoda yer vermiştir. Bu çalışmalar arasında Tasarım Yoluyla Anlama konusunda en çok yayın yapan yazarlar ise 3'er çalışmayla Altun, S. ve Yurtseven, N.’dir. 2 yayınla en çok çalışma Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi'nde yayımlanmıştır. Ülkeler açısından en fazla yayın ABD’de (n=19) yapılmıştır. Ardından konu kapsamında öneriler sunulmuştur. Bu çalışma, UbD ile ilgili litaratür bilgisi içermekte ve alandaki önemli yayınları, yazarları, kurumları, kaynakları ve ülkeleri göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, alana ilgi duyan ve araştırma yapan araştırmacılara referans olması açısından önemlidir.

ATTITUDES OF GIFTED STUDENTS TOWARDS THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER

Derya SÖNMEZ — 2025-04-02

Drinkable water, which is important for life, has become difficult to reach on earth in recent years. That's why clean water and sanitation have become important in the world and in our country. It is thought that examining the attitudes of gifted students towards water, who can contribute to the development of clean water and sanitation technologies in the future, can contribute to countries' access to clean water. In line with this idea, it is necessary to determine the attitudes of gifted generations, which are important for the development of Turkey, towards thirst, unconscious water use and water saving. Within the framework of this justification, the aim of the research is to examine the attitudes of gifted students towards water. The research was conducted in the 2023-2024 academic year with 48 primary school 4th grade students studying at the science and art center in Onikişubat district of Kahramanmaraş province of Turkey. The survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the study. “Attitude Towards Water Scale” was used to collect data. According to the study findings, it was determined that all of the gifted primary school students believed that water is the source of life for living things, that they would be saddened by the lack of water in their country, and that they wanted the water they would drink to be clean. According to the results of the study, it was determined that the attitudes of gifted primary school students in Turkey towards unconscious water use were higher than their attitudes towards thirst and water saving.

THE EFFECT OF THE TEAM-SUPPORTED INDIVIDUALIZATION TECHNIQUE ON 7TH GRADE STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENT, RETENTION, AND ATTITUDES IN THE TOPIC OF CIRCLE AND DISK

Emre AKKAYAUğur Selamet KIRMACI — 2025-04-02

This study aims to compare cooperative learning method that team-assisted individualization (groups) with current methodl teaching in terms of achievement, attitude and retention in teaching statistics and probability subjects to elementery school 7th grade students. The study was performed in a secondary school of Erzurum. Pre-test and post-test controlled guasi-experimental design was applied in the study. The study was consisted of an experimental group and a control group. There were 8 female 12 male students in experimental group and 9 female 11 male students in control group. Academic achievement test developed by researcher and the reliability of this test is based on Cronbach Alpha calculation which is 0.819 mathematics attitude scale whose reliability and validity is researched by Ural (2007) are applied as pre-test and post-test as the means ofcollection of data. Achievement test is applied as retention test four weeks after the study. In the analysis of data, paired t-test was used to compare the team-assisted individualization (TAI) technique with pre-test and post-test while independent t-test was used to compare TAI technique with traditional method. P value was accepted as 0.05 as a level of accuracy. It was concluded that TAI technique had a positive effect on students in terms of their academic success, attitude and persistence as a result of the data. Meaningful differences were obtained in favor of TAI technique between TAI technique and traditional method.

A THEMATIC STUDY ON THE EMOTIONS IN THE CEM SULTAN'S TURKISH DIVAN

Nilüfer KARADAVUT — 2025-04-02

Cem Sultan, the youngest son of Fatih Sultan Mehmet, is a person known for his poet identity in addition to his princedom and throne struggles. After his father’s death, he lost the throne struggle with his elder brother Bayezid II and was forced to spend almost half of his life abroad. Cem Sultan, who protected and loved scholars and artists during his princedom in Karaman, wrote beautiful, delicate, and emotional poems in accordance with the classical Turkish poetry tradition in accordance with the good education he received. The dominant element in his poems in terms of content is emotion. The difference between the days of his life before he went to Europe and the years he spent in captivity is inevitably reflected in his poems. While his odes include the longing, yearning, loneliness, suffering and fear of death that Cem Sultan felt due to being away from his homeland at a young age, the dominant emotion in his ghazals is usually love. These feelings are meticulously processed in the poem. It is also possible to reach information about the poet's biography based on his poems.

In this study, the poet’s emotional world and how he reflected these feelings in poetry with a poetic power will be examined by starting from the semantic world of sample couplets selected from Cem Sultan’s Divan

COMPARISON OF THE LEGAL BASIS OF TRANSITION TO TITLE DEED TRANSACTIONS IN TURKISH AND GERMAN LAW

Haluk SARUHAN — 2025-04-02

The purpose of this study is to compare the legal basis of the transition to electronic land registry transactions in Turkish and German law and to examine the effects of digitalization on real estate transactions. The effects of electronic land registry systems on real estate ownership and transactions will be analyzed through the legal infrastructures and digitalization processes of both countries. The legal basis, scope of regulations and implementation processes of electronic land registry applications in Turkey and Germany will be compared, and evaluations will be made on the efficiency, security and legal validity of digital land registry systems.

The study was conducted using the comparative law method. The legal regulations, regulations and relevant legislation regarding electronic land registry transactions in both countries were examined in detail. In addition, the legal and technical infrastructure of digital land registry applications, current reports on the land registry systems of both countries and academic literature were reviewed. The implementation processes of electronic land registry systems were discussed in terms of both the legal basis in the country and compliance with international norms.

Turkey provided the opportunity to carry out real estate transactions in a digital environment with the Electronic Land Registry System launched by the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre in 2020. This system has created a secure and fast digital environment for real estate purchase and sale transactions, title deed transfers and other real estate transactions. Turkey's rapid digitalization process has been supported by the relevant legal regulations, and all title deed transactions can be carried out electronically. Germany, on the other hand, established the legal infrastructure for digital title deed transactions in 2018 and implemented the electronic title deed system more cautiously. The transition to electronic title deed transactions in Turkey and Germany reflects the advantages provided by digitalization in real estate transactions and the innovations brought by legal regulations. Turkey has adopted a faster digitalization process and has moved title deed transactions to a wide digital platform. Germany, on the other hand, has been more cautious about digitalization.

THE CONCEPT OF EMPATHY IN THE CONTEXT OF VERSES 11-20 OF SURAH AN-NUR

Emrullah ÜLGEN — 2025-04-02

The main purpose of this study is how the phenomenon of empathy, which completed its theoretical development in the modern period and integrated with various disciplines and became a universal value, is shaped in the perspective of the Qur'an. Empathy, which has existed in human beings since creation and emerged with various emotions and behaviours in all stages of life, finds its place in the Qur'an like other positive emotions. However, this emotion is revealed in the Qur'an not only in its abstract form but often in a concrete form on events or phenomena by integrating with other moral values. Therefore, empathy, which is one of the basic human values indispensable in the construction of an ideal society, has acquired a more special meaning in the world of meaning of the Qur'an. It is possible to see a concrete example of this in the messages given in verses 11-20 of Surat al-Nūr, which was revealed about the incident of Ifk. Through the incident in question, which is one of the important events that took place in the early periods of Islam, religious, social, legal and psychological vital messages are given to humanity in general and believers in particular. The fact that some of these messages are directly related to empathy makes it important to analyse the event from this perspective. In particular, the fact that these messages are given through a specific event targeting the reputation of the Prophet and his family makes the issue even more remarkable. Moreover, the incident of Iffq had much more specific purposes beyond discrediting individuals, and in particular, it aimed to harm Islam by raising deep doubts about the Prophet's mission of prophethood. Considering the dimensions of the research subject, firstly the theoretical information about empathy will be given, and then it will be tried to reveal how the perception of empathy in the modern period is reflected in the relevant verses or to what extent it is represented by an interdisciplinary and analytical method.

AN EXAMINATION OF THE PURPOSE OF HUMAN CREATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF IBN AL-ARABI AND ÂŞIK PAŞA

Arzu KESİCİNuran DÖNER — 2025-04-02

The purpose of human creation stands as one of the fundamental questions in Sufi thought. Sufism, which emerged as a manifestation of mystical thinking within Islamic civilization, offers a profound quest for meaning in the process of humans understanding themselves and the Divine. From the Sufi perspective, humans are not merely material beings but also subjects of a spiritual journey. This journey culminates in the individual discovering their inner self, transcending worldly desires to orient themselves toward divine love, and ultimately attaining the rank of the "Perfect Human" (insan-ı kâmil). Within this framework, the purpose of human creation carries deep significance regarding humanity’s unique position within the divine order, its existential purpose, and its relationship with this order.

This study aims to examine the purpose of human creation through the perspectives of two pivotal representatives of Sufi thought: Ibn al-Arabi and âşık Paşa. Ibn al-Arabi, through his concept of the Unity of Being (Vahdet-i Vücud), advocates the oneness of existence, positing that humans are a divine reflection and that every entity can be regarded as a projection of a single truth. In his works, humans are defined not merely as products of creation but as unique beings embodying the meaning of all existence. âşık Paşa, a prominent figure in the Anatolian Sufi tradition, addresses the purpose of creation within both societal and individual contexts in his work Garibnâme, written in a vernacular and accessible style. Compared to Ibn al-Arabi’s philosophical interpretations, âşık Paşa adopts a more didactic and practical approach, evaluating the purpose of creation by considering both an individual’s inner development and their role in society.

This study will facilitate a broader understanding of the views put forth by Ibn al-Arabi and âşık Paşa regarding the purpose of human creation.

STYLE OF ITNÂB IN THE QUR'AN AND REASONS FOR PREFERENCE

Hasan BULUT — 2025-04-02

The Prophet Muhammad was born into a society where literary arts were intensively practiced, poetry and oratory were valued, and rhetoric was popular. In such an environment, the Holy Qur'an was revealed as a unique and universal word that not only carries the highest characteristics of eloquence and rhetoric but also embodies divine truths. Even the most famous rhetoric experts could not hide their admiration for this miraculous identity of the Qur'an and found no other solution but to admit their helplessness. One of the rhetorical aspects that the Qur'an frequently resorts to is the style of itnâb. The rhetoric of itnâb, which is used to express the intended meaning with more words in a sentence based on a benefit, is considered the opposite of îcâz in this respect. Rhetoric scholars have classified the types of itnâb under different headings according to their purpose, sentence structure, and excessiveness. Although there are many types of itnâb, in general, it is discussed in two parts: itnâb bi'l-bast (itnâb made by increasing sentences) and itnâb bi'z-ziyade (itnâb made by increasing words). However, since Kazvînî's (d. 739/1338) classification according to its purpose became more famous, only his classification is included here, and accordingly, the purposes of using itnâb in the Qur'an have been tried to be determined. In the literature review, it was observed that itnâb was handled as a rhetorical style within the framework of the Qur'an, hadith, Arabic language, and tafsir, and was also examined in terms of its historical course, comparison of evidence, and application aspect. However, it has been determined that the purposes for which the itnâb style is used in the Qur'an and what benefits it provides to the meaning of the verses have not been sufficiently examined. In this respect, in the study; The style of itnâb was examined with the document analysis method, emphasizing the causality aspect, by making use of classical and contemporary tafsir texts, rhetoric and hadith sources.

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES OF THE PHILIPP HOLZMANN COMPANY IN OTTOMAN TERRITORIES

Sena BELVİRANLI ÇUHADARNuran KARA PİLEHVARİAN — 2025-04-02

The 19th century marks a period of restructuring for the Ottoman Empire, initiated by the reforms of Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) and concluded during the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II (r. 1876–1909). This century-long process of renewal transformed the architecture of Ottoman cities. New building types such as ministry (nezaret) buildings, schools for the new educational system (Rüştiye, âli Mektep, Dar-ül Fünun, İdadi), government offices (hükümet konağı), railway stations, factories (Fabrika-i Hümayun), dry docks, wharves, and infrastructure like railway bridges and tunnels were constructed using new materials (cast iron, steel after 1893, large-scale glass, and concrete) and construction techniques (iron-steel frames, reinforced concrete).The second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century also witnessed a period of close collaboration between the Ottoman Empire and Europe in the fields of engineering and construction. During this period, European construction companies operating in Ottoman territories introduced modern construction techniques and engineering approaches to the region, paralleling developments seen across Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Among these companies, Philipp Holzmann stood out for its significant contributions, to both large-scale infrastructure projects—such as bridges, railways, tunnels—and architectural works like railway stations, schools, hospitals, and mausoleums.

This article analyzes the activities of Philipp Holzmann in the Ottoman Empire to understand the firm’s role in transferring modern engineering expertise to the region. It also evaluates the company’s efforts to adapt its projects to local traditions and conditions, as well as its contributions to Ottoman modernization. By examining its portfolio, ranging from railway construction to symbolic structures like Haydarpaşa Railway Station and the Mausoleum of Sultan Mehmed V (r. 1909–1918), this study presents the innovations introduced by Philipp Holzmann and the legacy it left on the Ottoman construction practices.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SENSORINESS AND PERFORMATIVITY IN THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE

Esin YILMAZMuzaffer Tolga AKBULUT — 2025-04-02

The 20th-century's eye-centered architectural discourses and the architectural practice that emerged in this direction are to create new discourses of space production, multi-sensory architecture, and performative architecture that create the sensory equivalents of the visible and invisible. By examining the ruptures in architectural education in the historical sequence, the relationship between the production of space in education, which is the first practice of social space, and its equivalent in practice is seen as an examination worthy of the creation of the study. The correlative link between the performative spaces selected by utilizing the thoughts of discourse people such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Jacques Lacan, which form the basis for today's architectural practices, aims to contribute to the double gaze legibility of the study. Peter Zumthor's Therme Vals and Bernard Tschumi's Parc de la Villette were chosen as the performative spaces of the study. The methodology is determined as the deconstruction of these two constructions with the qualitative research method within the framework of Henri Lefebvre's dialectic of spatial production and the contributions of the aforementioned discourse people, and then the integration of this performativity into contemporary architectural education. This process reverse reading of production for performative spaces, is built on revealing the potential of an architectural product with a known end (designed, built, and met with its user) that can be reflected in the architectural education process. The subject, producing the space in every state of experience, supports the productive space. This endless cycle draws attention to the “temporality” of space production that is missing in architectural education. The construction of spatial systems with performative contributions in the production of space calls into question the production of space with bodily and sensory experiences in today's education. The discoveries that Lefebvre's dialectic of space production with temporality and the meeting of subjective experiences with the objective theoretical framework bring to architectural education are shaped in the future predictions of the study in the direction that it will find its practical counterpart.

TRADITIONAL RURAL ARCHITECTURE AND CONSERVATION PROBLEMS OF KAYSERI - ERKILET SETTLEMENT

Hande ERDOĞAN BEYGİRCİUzay YERGÜN — 2025-04-02

Rural heritage is the areas that should be preserved and transferred to future generations, which transfer the lifestyles of past cultures shaped by the characteristics of the geography in which it is located. The continuity of the traditional culture of rural heritage is very important for the development of the society. These areas, which have a fragile structure with all their tangible and intangible values, are abandoned for various reasons and face the danger of extinction. The survival of a place by protection is directly proportional with the living of that place. The aim of this study is to develop recommendations for determining appropriate conservation decisions for rural heritage areas in danger of extinction. For this purpose, first of all, the region should be analysed very well and the problems encountered for conservation should be revealed. Especially today, rapidly developing technology and emerging different needs bring along various problems. Kayseri Erkilet settlement, which was determined as a sample area for this purpose, is an important settlement worth preserving as a whole with its rock-carved places, which are a product of the geography where it has hosted many civilisations from ancient times to the present day, and mosques, masjids, fountains, bakeries, mills, laundries, oil workshop and masonry houses that have developed on these places. For this purpose, the rural architectural heritage of Erkilet and the conservation problems it faced, which has undergone a serious dilapidation process, especially with the relocation of the settlement in the 1980s, have been addressed and conservation strategies that will set an example for similar areas have been tried to be put forward.

THE IMPACT OF MARITAL CONFLICT AND RESOLUTION STYLES ON MARITAL ADJUSTMENT IN MARRIED COUPLES

Aynur TOPRAKÖzlem ALTUNSU SÖNMEZ — 2025-04-02

This study aims to examine the relationships between marital adjustment, marital conflict, and conflict resolution styles of married individuals living in Antalya. The study is a quantitative study and the relational research method was used. The study's sample consists of 314 married individuals who reside in the central districts of Antalya and agreed to participate voluntarily. Personal Information Form, Marital Adjustment Scale, Marital Conflict Scale, and Conflict Resolution Styles Scale were used in the study. The data obtained from the scales in the study were analyzed in the SPSS 23.0 program. Mann Witney U test, Kruskal Wallis H test, and Spearman Correlation Analysis were used in the research. The results show that women tend to experience conflicts more frequently and adopt a more negative conflict resolution style compared to men, who are more likely to adopt a submissive approach. The presence of children appears to diminish marital adjustment, leading to an increase in both the frequency and prevalence of conflicts, as well as a decrease in positive conflict resolution styles.Furthermore, individuals who report that they initiate arguments experience lower marital adjustment, along with a higher negative conflict style compared to those who say their spouse initiates conflicts. Conversely, individuals whose spouses initiate arguments tend to exhibit higher conflict frequency and prevalence, as well as increased withdrawal and submissive conflict resolution styles. The study also found that marital adjustment improves when individuals choose their spouses freely; however, conflicts are more frequent in marriages that face opposition from family members. Correlation analysis revealed that as marital adjustment increases, the frequency and prevalence of conflicts decrease, positive conflict resolution styles become more prominent, and negative conflict styles diminish.

A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ACADEMICIANS’ PERCEPTIONS OF LEARNED HELPLESSNESS: A COMPARISON OF PUBLIC AND FOUNDATION UNIVERSITIES

Ufuk ORHANMert ÇOPUR — 2025-04-02

In this study, learned helplessness of academicians’ perceptions in public and foundation universities was examined. The research was conducted with five academics from each of the two university types and in-depth analysis was conducted using qualitative interview methods. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. The learned helplessness scale developed by Quinless et al. and adapted to Turkish by Murat Boysan was used to examine the learned helplessness levels of the academicians participating in the study. The learned helplessness scale used was made open-ended in order to obtain in-depth results. Since repeated answers were received for the twenty questions, only twelve questions and their answers were used in this study. When state university academics feel helpless, they usually develop alternative strategies and attribute their failures to external factors. Foundation university academics, on the other hand, adopt continuous trial and insistence strategies and focus on areas they can control. The results of the study revealed that academics working in public universities attributed learned helplessness to external factors and socialties, while those working in foundation universities focused more on individual control and experiences. Bureaucratic and systemic obstacles in state universities, while individual and social support mechanisms in foundation universities can be decisive on learned helplessness. It is recommended that university administrations develop strategies that will increase the motivation of academics and reduce the feeling of helplessness. These strategies will both increase the professional satisfaction of academics and contribute positively to the overall performance of universities. This study reveals that the concept of learned helplessness may differ between university types.

AVIATION ACCIDENTS WITHIN THE AXIS OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS; AN EXAMPLE OF SCAN ANALYSIS

Deniz ÇETİNLevent KAYA — 2025-04-02

The aviation sector has seen significant growth with the establishment of numerous aviation enterprises, which has led to a corresponding increase in air traffic. As traffic has grown, traffic management has become increasingly complex and challenging. Air traffic controllers (ATCs) face numerous factors in their work life that contribute to stress, workload, and the potential for errors. Even the smallest of these factors can lead to significant chaos or accidents. The role of ATCs in aviation accidents, the impact of seemingly minor errors, and their contribution to accidents are critical issues. Analyzing the ATC factor in aviation accidents helps in understanding the underlying causes of these incidents and identifying potential solutions. Air traffic controllers are responsible for managing the air traffic from takeoff to landing, ensuring the safe separation of aircraft to prevent collisions. However, due to the human factor, the likelihood of errors increases, and such errors can result in catastrophic outcomes. Analyzing aviation accidents from the perspective of air traffic controllers provides valuable insights into the consequences of mistakes and negligence, as well as the underlying causes of these failures. This qualitative study examines the historical evolution, training, duties, and potential factors contributing to accidents related to air traffic control. By utilizing a case study approach, air traffic control-related accidents have been analyzed through a screening method, shedding light on the causes and implications of such errors.

GENERATION Z AND PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE: HOW ETHICAL PERCEPTIONS AFFECT BRAND LOYALTY

Mehmet ETLİOĞLU — 2025-04-02

Today, Generation Z, which constitutes 30% of the world population between the ages of 12-29 and is deeply affected by information technology, the internet and social networks, has been uniquely shaped by its technological addictions and ethical awareness. Generation Z (Gen Z) represents the first group of digital natives whose technological addictions and ethical awareness have significantly shaped consumer behavior and brand loyalty. The innovative and technological superiority of the Apple product iPhone, its stylish design, luxury and status symbol, positioning it as a compatibility with other Apple products, and thus targeting technology-loving consumers, thus bringing personal branding, evokes Generation Z as consumers. However, the fact that iPhone smartphones do not update their old models, the slowing down of usage of updated software, restricting their repairability and encouraging users to purchase new models by upgrading new models every year, producing Apple products that are compatible with Apple products due to their interoperability, and planned obsolescence practices such as high repair costs for out-of-warranty devices are frequently criticized from an ethical perspective. These practices are expected to challenge Apple’s ability to maintain loyalty among this group by raising ethical concerns about environmental damage, consumer exploitation, and diminishing trust. Planned obsolescence poses ethical problems in economic, technological, and natural terms. Generation Z, on the other hand, demands sustainability, transparency, and authenticity from brands and wants to align their purchasing decisions with values such as environmental responsibility and social justice. Planned obsolescence has a strong correlation with smartphone consumption, which has become indispensable in modern life by shaping communication in both individual and professional contexts, and significantly affects purchasing behaviors. In addition, consumers establish emotional ties to smartphones due to the value they provide, which in turn affects their usage and consumption patterns. The study conducted a qualitative research method, focus group interview, to investigate the effects of technology-savy Generation Z’s planned obsolescence practices of the iPhone and their ethical perceptions and attitudes towards these practices on brand loyalty. As a result of the research, it was concluded that most of the participants are aware of the planned obsolescence activities that Apple has implemented especially in iPhone models and consider them unethical, but they will continue to use iPhone models as innovative and technologically superior phones, and that the company should implement a sustainable marketing strategy that will provide value to the consumer and give importance to transparency and ethical sensitivities.

DYNAMICS OF INFLATION IN TURKEY: TIME-VARYING PARAMETER MODEL

Ömer Tanju DURUSOY — 2025-04-02

In Türkiye, inflation has increasingly had significant impacts on the economy in recent years, disrupting economic stability, complicating the investment environment, and reducing purchasing power, leading to adverse social effects. Therefore, examining how inflation in Turkey has evolved over time and identifying the factors influencing this change is crucial for understanding future inflation processes and developing appropriate policies. In this study, the dynamics of inflation in Turkey are analyzed using a time-varying parameter model. The effects of inflation on the economy reflect the time-dependent changes in various factors such as exchange rates, changes in GDP, public expenditures, interest rates, changes in money supply, oil prices, trade deficits, and future uncertainty. In such analyses, where traditional fixed-parameter models fall short, time-varying parameter models provide an important tool for understanding dynamic structural changes. The dynamic behaviors of the variables are analyzed using a Kalman filter-based time-varying parameter approach, utilizing quarterly data for the period 2002Q2-2023Q4. To determine the most suitable inflation series for the study, stationarity tests were conducted. Based on the test results, the Deflator series was found to be appropriate for the model. On the other hand, regression estimates indicate that the determinants of inflation have changed over time. Therefore, a non-fixed parametric approach, the Kalman filter method, has been applied in this study.

During the early years of the inflation targeting period examined, positive developments in the inflation series were observed. In this period, the adverse effects of exchange rates, public expenditures, money supply, oil prices, and changes in the trade balance on inflation gradually decreased until 2008. However, in the remaining part of the examined period, changes in these variables were observed to shape the core dynamics of inflation. Another important issue during this period is that the impact of interest rates on inflation remained positive throughout. The implemented interest rate policy resulted in interest rates being maintained at levels that did not affect inflation or even influenced it negatively. Towards the end of the examined period, a structural break was detected in the inflation series. This break indicates the onset of a new inflationary phase. During this phase, oil prices, trade deficits, money supply, public expenditures, and exchange rates were influential on inflation. While these effects remained stable during the 2008-2021 period, the negative impacts on inflation have increasingly intensified since 2021.

RE-READING GURNAH’S PILGRIM’S WAY: WRITING AS THE THIRD SPACE OF THE UNFIXED SUBJECT

Zehra GÜNDAR — 2025-04-02

This paper analyzes Gurnah’s Pilgrim’s Way as a novel in which writing functions as the third space through which the character Daud finds a locus of relief and creates an identity that can cope with racial and ethnic discrimination diverted against him. Gurnah as a novelist of exile and diaspora depicts the ambivalent situation of his dislocated exiles and opens up new spaces of enquiry as to how dislocated people protect and reconstruct their subjectivity in the face of a hostile Eurocentric environment that denigrates people on account of their race, color and religion. In Pilgrim’s Way Gurnah subverts essentialist mode(l)s of identity and creates momentary scenes in which Daud, the protagonist of the story, recreates a history and writes letters to some people as a means to stand the harsh conditions of his life and sufferings on account of the silent and implicit mechanisms of subjugation he undergoes. In Bhabha’s terms, having this double identity of both as the exilic and the nostalgic self creates yet another locus, which Bhabha names as the third space where identity and self are fluid and in constant flux. These indeterminate and oscillating subject positions in the third space contributes to the disruption of hegemonic narratives and allows for inter-dialogue negotiation and recognition.

IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF AFRICAN IMMIGRANT WOMEN WORKING AS PROSTITUTES IN ISTANBUL

Amara KEITAVildane ÖZKAN — 2025-04-02

While there is much international concern about the waves of immigration on the Mediterranean, the situation of immigrants is far more worrying in destination countries, especially for young girls arriving from the African continent and living there illegally. The phenomenon of young girls living illegally increases their vulnerability to certain practices, such as prostitution, and all the corollary effects that can compromise their harmonious integration into society. Prostitution has been a problem in Turkey since the current “Islamo-conservative“ government came to power and took drastic measures to curb the phenomenon, but there has been no real change. Prostitution has been a problem in Turkey since the current 'Islamo-conservative' government came to power and took drastic measures to curb the phenomenon, but there has been no real change. In addition, some ‘nests of prostitutes’ have visibly disappeared, but the phenomenon remains under another guise, where only ‘proselytes’ can easily make their way into the few places of prostitution that continue to resist the manoeuvres of the authorities. It is in this context that the present study aims to analyse the prostitution practices of African immigrant women in Istanbul, Turkey's economic capital. Based on action research, we have created a data collection strategy designed to encourage African immigrant women in prostitution to speak freely, while guaranteeing them confidentiality. As African culture is influenced by the ideology of communitarianism, the collection of data on the phenomenon of prostitution by African immigrant women was initiated by a behavioural strategy on the part of the interviewer, whose main data collection technique was the life story. The analysis of discourse and the results of interviews conducted with African immigrant women involved in prostitution has enabled us to discover that the cultural ideology of sexuality, the use of information and communication technologies and the tasks performed on a daily basis reinforce the prostitution practices of African immigrant women in Istanbul.

ONTOLOGICAL/METAPHYSICAL APPROACH IN OTTOMAN HISTORY RESEARCH

Mustafa Enes AKTÜRKOĞLU — 2025-04-02

In the field of Social Sciences, and particularly in historical research, the philosophy of being (ontology) holds significant value. The perspectives of people from different periods on existence (the self) and the universe (the environment) have influenced political thought and actions both in world history in general and Ottoman history in particular. When studying Ottoman history, it is essential not to overlook the worldviews (weltgeist) of historical figures (erkan-ı erbaa). By worldview, we mean their ability to conceive of the universe and existence in metaphysical terms. Therefore, the ontological/metaphysical perspectives of historical figures should be evaluated a priori by historians. Such perspectives provide researchers with an understanding of the underlying purposes guiding the actions of historical figures

The ontological and metaphysical method should focus on understanding the concept of existence (or worldview) held by historical figures before attempting to explain their actions. In the Early Modern Period, a God-centered view of the universe prevailed in both Europe and the Islamic world. However, in the post-Scientific Revolution era, European thought evolved into a human-centered view of the universe. The changing ontological approaches of different civilizations at various times have shaped the content of actions, leading to different empirical outcomes. Simplifying the issue for researchers, understanding the purpose of an action makes it possible to comprehend why it was undertaken. Thus, once a researcher grasps the worldview of a historical figure, they can better understand why their actions (such as undertaking reforms or publishing works) progressed in specific ways. This approach also helps prevent extreme or exaggerated interpretations in historical research.

We aim to demonstrate the ontological and metaphysical approach by examining selected figures from different periods of Ottoman history. Our examples will include Süleyman Çelebi’s Vesîletü’n Necât from the foundation period, Kınalızâde Ali Efendi’s Ahlak-ı Alaî from the classical era, and Yusuf Kamil Pasha’s translation of Télémaque from the Tanzimat era.

THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE IN SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT: ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY GOALS THROUGH THE SMART CITY APPROACH

Melih ENGİN — 2025-04-02

This study examines the influence of the Smart City Index's Technology and Structure sub-dimensions on the sub-dimensions of the Sustainable City Index, focusing on environmental, social, economic, and sustainability progression aspects. Conducted through correlation and multiple regression analyses, this research demonstrates that smart city applications significantly contribute to environmental, social, and economic sustainability. In particular, the Technology sub-dimension shows a strong influence on environmental sustainability (r=−0.58), suggesting that technological advancements in smart cities play a crucial role in helping cities achieve environmental goals. In terms of social sustainability, smart city practices appear to enhance public welfare by increasing citizens' access to digital services, thereby improving overall quality of life. Furthermore, regarding economic sustainability, both Technology and Infrastructure sub-dimensions are shown to strengthen local economies and enhance economic resilience. Conversely, the impact of Technology and Infrastructure on sustainability progression is limited, indicating that achieving sustainable development goals requires not only technological and infrastructural advancements but also the integration of social, political, and economic factors. Overall, this study highlights that while smart city practices support environmental, social, and economic sustainability, broader and multifaceted strategies are essential to ensure long-term sustainability progression. The findings suggest that city administrations should strategically invest in technology and infrastructure to bolster their sustainability performance. Additionally, achieving comprehensive sustainability objectives requires a multidimensional approach, integrating policy-driven initiatives alongside technological innovations to foster inclusive and sustainable urban growth.

ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PERSPECTIVES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Muharrem AKSU — 2025-04-02

The increasing presence of artificial intelligence (AI) in both professional and social life necessitates an examination of perceptions and attitudes regarding its potential impact, particularly in the workplace. Understanding these perceptions is crucial in assessing whether students are prepared for the influence of AI on their professional careers. Therefore, this study aims to explore students' knowledge, attitudes, and perspectives on AI. The research data were collected during the fall semester of 2024 through an online survey (via Google Forms and WhatsApp) from 570 students currently enrolled in academic programs. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods with the aid of the SPSS software, and the results were presented in tables using frequency (f) and percentage (%) values for interpretation. According to the findings, it was revealed that the majority of the participating students (84.2%) closely follow the developments regarding AI; the majority (85.5%) are informed about AI; the majority (76%) have the opinion that AI has changed daily life; more than half (56.8%) welcome the developments regarding AI; the majority (65.3%) see AI as a useful application, but only 20% are concerned that AI will do many jobs. In addition, it was determined that approximately 45% of the students used any AI program and mostly used AI to prepare homework (68.1%) and presentations (48.3%). According to the findings regarding business and professional life, it was revealed that the majority of the students (86.7%) believed that AI would make it difficult to find a job in the future; the majority (74.1%) believed that AI would have a high impact on their careers; the majority (88.3%) believed that AI would facilitate business and professional areas, and the majority (81.6%) believed that AI training should be provided in undergraduate education. The findings lead to the conclusion that the students' attitudes towards AI are optimistic and that they benefit from AI in their education processes. On the other hand, most of the participating students think that AI will have a great impact on their future business, professional and career lives and will make things easier. The fact that most of the students want to receive training on AI reveals the necessity of including a course in this direction in undergraduate education curricula.

INVESTIGATION OF SOCIAL LONELINESS AND SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION IN ADULTS

Senem KALAÇAsenat SALİM ,Büşra DİNLER — 2025-04-02

With the developing technology and smartphones entering our lives, we can now be aware of many places and people without coming face to face. This also makes us unintentionally part of a big crowd. So does being part of this crowd make us more social? TDK has determined the word of the year 2024 as crowded loneliness. This word indicates the loneliness we feel even though we seem to be part of a big crowd. The aim of the research is to examine the relationships between the level of social media use, social emotional loneliness and social media addiction in adults with quantitative method. The sample of the study consists of 136 social media users from various occupational groups, aged between 18-50 years, living in Van province. Social Emotional Loneliness Scale (Selsa-S), Virtual Environment Loneliness Scale (SOYÖ) and Personal Information Form were used as data collection tools. As a result of the correlation between Selsa-S and VAS, no relationship was found between the mean scores of the scales. According to the Selsa-S scale data, it was determined that social emotional loneliness decreased as the number of real-life friends increased. According to the data of the SES scale, as the time spent on social media increases, virtual media addiction increases. According to the data, the participants want to see their real friends with them on special days. They also follow them on social media. However, prolonged time spent on social media leads to internet addiction. More than 27% of the participants spend more than 5 hours a day on social media. In addition, no relationship was found between the time spent on social media and the number of followers. Of course, we can benefit from social media to follow the agenda and stay up to date. However, we can protect ourselves from addiction by keeping it under control.

COGNITIVE LOAD AND PEDAGOGICAL REFLECTIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SUPPORTED EDUCATION IN STUDENT TEACHERS: A SYSTEMATIC AND BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Raziye DEMİRALAY — 2025-04-02

This study aims to examine the impact of artificial intelligence (AI)-supported educational technologies on pre-service teachers' cognitive load and anxiety levels. Although artificial intelligence (AI)-based instructional systems have the potential to support individualised learning processes, alleviate teachers' workload and strengthen data-driven pedagogical decision-making mechanisms, how these systems are perceived by pre-service teachers and what kind of effects their integration into pedagogical processes creates have not been sufficiently examined in the literature.

In this study, academic publications on the relationship between AI-supported education and cognitive load in the Web of Science (WoS) database were systematically examined using bibliometric analysis and thematic analysis methods. The studies included in the scope of the research were evaluated using keyword matches, co-citation networks and thematic clustering analyses.

As a result of the analyses, six main themes were identified in AI-supported education: (1) Educational Technologies, (2) Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), (3) Ethics and Data Security, (4) AI Supported Teaching Models, (5) Cognitive Load and Pedagogical Fit, (6) Learning Analytics. The findings reveal that although AI applications are seen as a pedagogical tool by pre-service teachers, they have the potential to create cognitive load and the risk of increasing professional anxieties. In particular, how AI can affect the role of teachers, how to integrate it into pedagogical decision processes, and what kind of ethical risks it carries.

As a result, methodological gaps and ethical concerns regarding the integration of AI-supported education practices into teacher education stand out as major issues that require more attention in the research field. The findings of the study suggest that supportive mechanisms should be developed for the pedagogical adaptation process of teachers in AI-supported education. In future research, it is suggested to develop pedagogical strategies to reduce the effect of AI-based teaching tools on cognitive load.

Ethics committee approval is not required for this article.

HE SOCIAL COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING

Ahmed ALDYAB — 2025-04-02

The social communicative approach in foreign language teaching is a modern method that focuses on students interacting with the language in real-life contexts, rather than just memorizing rules and language patterns. This approach enhances communication skills through educational activities that allow students to use the language in practical situations, contributing to the balanced development of listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. The approach is based on the principle that language is not just a set of words and rules, but a means of social interaction and self-expression. Therefore, it aims to enhance students' ability to communicate effectively in their local and global communities.The approach emphasizes content that is closely related to students' daily lives, such as cultural and social activities, which makes the learning process more vibrant and realistic. It requires students to engage with the language environment through interactive real-life situations, encouraging them to use the language to express their thoughts and feelings naturally. Through this approach, the role of the teacher shifts from being a source of information to a facilitator who supports students in acquiring the language naturally, thus enhancing their ability to use the language in various social contexts.The communicative approach also encourages students to think critically and analytically, helping them understand different cultures and appreciate cultural diversity. This approach is effective in enhancing communication among students and developing their language skills, preparing them to interact independently and successfully in multicultural environments, making the language learning process more comprehensive and realistic.

MOTHER FIGURES IN AMÉLIE NOTHOMB'S STRIKE YOUR HEART

Selin GÜRSES ŞANBAY — 2025-04-02

In this study, which aims to read the female characters in Belgian francophone writer Amélie Nothomb’s novel Strike My Heart through their maternal roles, the theories of first wave feminist thinkers who have frequently thought and written on the myth of motherhood are taken into consideration. Underlining the fact that the myth of motherhood is faced with both a historical, biological, and social function, an inquiry was made through the female fictional characters. The biological mothers in the narrative, especially the daughters who could not overcome the distances between them and their daughters, assumed the role of motherhood for the daughters who were growing up far away from their mothers, even though they did not give birth when they grew up. At this point, both the biological and social functions of motherhood come up for discussion. Through Marie and Olivia, the two distant mothers in the narrative, the place of women in society as well as the functions and importance of mothers in raising children are considered, and it is determined how a mother’s point of view has a strong impact on the continuation of children’s lives. Diane, the protagonist of the narrative, who was raised by these mothers, took her place at the end of the narrative as a mother figure for Mariel, who, like herself, was not with her mother when she was alive, as a result of her thoughts on how not to be by observing all these mothers. In assessing the myth of motherhood, we use the operations of literary semiotics and gender theory, above all to highlight the maternal figures in the book.

INVESTIGATING GENDER IN TURKISH TEXTBOOKS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF DISCOURSE HISTORICAL APPROACH: NOMINATION STRATEGY

Özgül Başaran AYDINGülsüm Songül ERCAN — 2025-04-02

Textbooks are among the most significant tools used in education. Their primary function is to provide a roadmap for teachers and students to implement the curriculum within a specific framework. Beyond this essential function, textbooks serve as critical instruments for socialization, transmitting a society’s social, political, cultural, and economic values to new generations. In this context, textbooks convey cultural codes to students either directly or indirectly. One of these codes, communicated explicitly or implicitly, involves gender roles. Traditionally, women's social identity roles have been associated mostly with motherhood and domestic responsibilities, while men's roles have been associated with work life and responsibilities outside the home. However, the global gender equality movement has significantly contributed to questioning these stereotypes on all levels. Enhancing awareness of gender equality in educational institutions is one avenue for this transformation, and textbooks should be designed to reflect these changes. Based on this premise, this study aims to examine Turkish textbooks used in primary education during the 2022–2023 academic year—a period considered critical for students to begin recognizing gender roles—and to determine whether these textbooks perpetuate traditional gender roles or support gender equality. The texts in the database were analyzed within the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) framework, focusing on the membership categorization devices as one of the linguistic tools proposed within the nomination strategy. The findings indicate that stereotypical gender roles are still being reinforced in the textbooks.

AN ASSESSMENT ON THE PLACE AND USE OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN VISUAL AND AUDIO MEDIA

İsmail DEMİR — 2025-04-02

This study utilized audiovisual and written sources as well as social interactions to identify the impact of media on education, particularly religious education. The study established a conceptual and theoretical framework on the role of media in religious education based on the basic concepts of religion and education. It then provides a sociological assessment of the media and examines issues related to technology, education and religious education. At the same time, the relationship between religious education and media, the impact and use of technology in religious education, the positive and negative effects of media in the light of audiovisual and written sources and social interaction were examined. During this research, discussions were held on the link between religious education and media, the harmony between religion and technological developments, the possibility of updating religion and the sustainability of traditional religious education. According to the results of this study, although media use has both positive and negative effects on religious education, the positive effects outweigh the negative effects.

The main argument supporting this conclusion is that a society that closely follows technological developments sees education and technology as complementary elements. In a society with this perception, technology plays an important role in facilitating life by providing quick access to information and social functions through virtual environments. Today, when every individual in society has easy access to media elements, it has been found that the use of media in education and religious education is of higher quality and the results are more sustainable. While this seems to be a very positive situation, there is also evidence that if not managed properly, even if the time spent on media use increases, the time spent on education decreases and the gains are negatively affected.

THE MECCAN OR MEDINAN NATURE OF SÛRAT AL-RA‘D IN TERMS OF STYLE, CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY

Mehmet Nurullah AKTAŞ — 2025-04-02

Among the sciences that aid in understanding the Qur’an, the classification of Meccan and Medinan revelations holds primary importance. Determining the period during which the verses and sûras of the Qur’an were revealed contributes significantly to understanding both individual sūras and the Qur’an as a whole. While there is consensus that some sûras are Meccan and others Medinan, disagreements persist regarding the classification of certain sûras. Sûrat al-Ra’d stands at the forefront of these debated sûras. In tafsir sources, some scholars assert that the entirety of sûrat al-Ra‘d is Meccan, others claim it is entirely Medinan, while some argue that most of it is either Meccan or Medinan. In the fields of Ulûm al-Qur’ân and Tafsîr Usûl, Meccan and Medinan sûras are typically analyzed through universal principles, style, and content. This study examines the Meccan or Medinan nature of sûrat al-Ra‘d by focusing on two universal criteria for Meccan sûras: “Every sûrat containing a prostration verse is Meccan,” and “Every sûrat beginning with hurûf al-muqattaʿah is Meccan, except sûras Al-Baqarah and âl ʿImrân” alongside an analysis of its content and style. The study concludes that the universal principles applied to sûrat al-Ra‘d do not reflect a holistic perspective, as the interrelation between these principles is not sufficiently considered. It is observed that Tafsîr Usûl and Ulûm al-Qur’ân predominantly emphasize universal principles in determining the sûrat’s classification, while tafsir sources rely more on riwâyas. Upon evaluating sûrat al-Ra’d through its content, style, and methodological framework, the study affirms that it is fundamentally a Meccan sûrat.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALIFIED CASES OF THE CRIME OF MIGRANT SMUGGLING

Ahmet ÖZDEMİR — 2025-04-02

Migrant smuggling is briefly defined as “illegally” bringing someone into the country, allowing them to stay in the country, or enabling them to leave the country, with the aim of obtaining a material benefit. Smuggling of migrants is a type of crime that causes many serious human rights violations. During this smuggling activity, groups of people, including children and women, are forced to travel for days or weeks without air in the crates or secret compartments of trucks or lorries, or drown in the middle of the sea due to overcrowding in unsuitable boats.

In order to protect the right to life, bodily integrity and human dignity of migrants, who are the subject of the crime of migrant smuggling and who are materially and morally exploited and abused, some forms of the crime are punished more severely. In paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 79 of the Turkish Penal Code, the qualified cases that require aggravation of the penalty are regulated as “the crime poses a danger to the lives of migrants”, “the crime is committed by subjecting the victims to degrading treatment”, “the crime is committed by more than one person together” and “the crime is committed within the framework of the activities of an organization”. Article 266 of the TPC regulates “the use by a public official of tools and equipment given to him/her by virtue of his/her duty in the commission of a crime” as a “general” qualifying circumstance that requires a higher penalty. Again, “committing the offense for terrorist purposes” is a qualified case that may arise within the framework of the Anti-Terrorism Law No. 3713. In our study, the conditions for the application of these qualified circumstances are examined in the light of doctrinal opinions and judicial jurisprudence, and then the qualified circumstances of the crime of migrant smuggling in German law are mentioned in order to make a comparison.

THE EFFECT OF MENTAL ENDURANCE ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF MALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS

Özlem Sinem USLUŞinasi ÖZSAYDI — 2025-04-02

This study aims to examine the effect of mental toughness on the quality of life of male basketball players. As a data collection tool in the study, in addition to demographic questions, “Mental Endurance Inventory in Sports” developed by Sheard et al (2009) and eurohıs-qol.8 (whoqol- 8) developed by Eser et al (2010): The general purpose index eurohıs-qol- world health organization quality of life questionnaire, which was produced by selecting specific questions from the whoqol-bref scale, was used. The research group consists of 310 male licensed basketball players aged between 18-25 years in Osmaniye province. In the analysis of the data obtained using the relational survey method, the Skewness- Kurtosis value was examined for the normality distribution of the data and it was determined that the data showed normal distribution by performing the Shapiro Wilks Test. Independent- Samples T test was used in the mutual comparison statements, one-way analysis of variance (anova) and correlation analysis were used to examine the differences between the groups. SPSS 27.0 package program was used for statistical analysis. As a result of the analyses, no difference was found in the quality of life of basketball athletes according to the age variable, while significant differences were found in the sub-dimensions of mental endurance and confidence and continuity. A significant difference was found in quality of life and mental toughness and all sub-dimensions according to the year of playing sports. In addition, there was a weak positive correlation between mental toughness and quality of life. As a result, mental endurance levels of athletes improve with increasing age. In athletes who continue active sports, both quality of life and mental endurance levels increase.